Mass Constraints of the Wasp-47 Planetary System From Radial Velocities

Sinukoff, Evan; Howard, Andrew W.; Petigura, Erik A.; Fulton, Benjamin J.; Isaacson, Howard; Weiss, Lauren M.; Brewer, John M.; Hansen, Brad M. S.; Hirsch, Lea A.; Christiansen, Jessie L.; Crepp, Justin R.; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Schlieder, Joshua E.; Ciardi, David R.; Beichman, Charles; Knutson, Heather A.; Benneke, Bjoern; Dressing, Courtney D.; Livingston, John H.; Deck, Katherine M.; Lépine, Sébastien; Rogers, Leslie

doi:10.3847/1538-3881/153/2/70

Cited by 47 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Notably, the three complementary methods all yielded the same conclusions, resulting in a mass measurement for the innermost planet that is not only precise but also robust. Demory et al 2011Demory et al , 2016Winn et al 2011;Nelson et al 2014), CoRoT-7b (Léger et al 2009;Queloz et al 2009;Haywood et al 2014), WASP-47e (Becker et al 2015;Dai et al 2015;Sinukoff et al 2017b;Vanderburg et al 2017), Kepler-78b (Howard et al 2013;Pepe et al 2013;Sanchis-Ojeda et al 2013;Hatzes 2014;Grunblatt et al 2015), Kepler-10b (Batalha et al 2011;Dumusque et al 2014;Weiss et al 2016;Rajpaul et al 2017), K2-131b , HD 3167b (Vanderburg et al 2016a;Christiansen et al 2017;Gandolfi et al 2017, respectively labeled as C17 and G17 in the plot), K2-106b (Guenther et al 2017;Sinukoff et al 2017a, G17 and S17 respectively). Notably, the last two planets have two independent density measurements that are not consistent with each other, resulting in a disagreement in the interpretation of the internal composition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Ultra-short Period Rocky Super-Earth with a Secondary Eclipse and a Neptune-like Companion around K2-141

Malavolta

Mayo

Louden

et al. 2018

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145

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Ultra-short period (USP) planets are a class of low-mass planets with periods shorter than one day. Their origin is still unknown, with photo-evaporation of mini-Neptunes and in situ formation being the most credited hypotheses. Formation scenarios differ radically in the predicted composition of USP planets, and it is therefore extremely important to increase the still limited sample of USP planets with precise and accurate mass and density measurements. We report here the characterization of a USP planet with a period of 0.28 days around K2-141 (EPIC 246393474), and the validation of an outer planet with a period of 7.7 days in a grazing transit configuration. We derived the radii of the planets from the K2 light curve and used high-precision radial velocities gathered with the HARPS-N spectrograph for mass measurements. For K2-141b, we thus inferred a radius of 1.51±0.05R Å and a mass of 5.08±0.41M Å , consistent with a rocky composition and lack of a thick atmosphere. K2-141c is likely a Neptune-like planet, although due to the grazing transits and the non-detection in the RV data set, we were not able to put a strong constraint on its density. We also report the detection of secondary eclipses and phase curve variations for K2-141b. The phase variation can be modeled either by a planet with a geometric albedo of 0.30±0.06 in the Kepler bandpass, or by thermal emission from the surface of the planet at ∼3000 K. Only follow-up observations at longer wavelengths will allow us to distinguish between these two scenarios.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Ultra-short Period Rocky Super-Earth with a Secondary Eclipse and a Neptune-like Companion around K2-141

Malavolta

Mayo

Louden

et al. 2018

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145

119

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“…It is thus unlikely that they have extended hydrogen atmospheres. These planets are CoRoT-7b (Léger et al 2009), Kepler-10b (Batalha et al 2011), Kepler-36b (Carter et al 2012), Kepler-78b (Sanchis-Ojeda et al 2013), Kepler93b (Dressing et al 2015), HD 219134b (Motalebi et al 2015), GJ 1132b, (Berta-Thompson et al 2015), WASP-47e (Dai et al 2015;Sinukoff et al 2017a), and HD3167b .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

K2-106, a system containing a metal-rich planet and a planet of lower density

Guenther

Barragán

Dai

et al. 2017

A&A

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Aims. Planets in the mass range from 2 to 15 M ⊕ are very diverse. Some of them have low densities, while others are very dense. By measuring the masses and radii, the mean densities, structure, and composition of the planets are constrained. These parameters also give us important information about their formation and evolution, and about possible processes for atmospheric loss. Methods. We determined the masses, radii, and mean densities for the two transiting planets orbiting K2-106. The inner planet has an ultra-short period of 0.57 days. The period of the outer planet is 13.3 days. . Conclusions. Since the system contains two planets of almost the same mass, but different distances from the host star, it is an excellent laboratory to study atmospheric escape. In agreement with the theory of atmospheric-loss processes, it is likely that the outer planet has a hydrogen-dominated atmosphere. The mass and radius of the inner planet is in agreement with theoretical models predicting an iron core containing 80 +20 −30 % of its mass. Such a high metal content is surprising, particularly given that the star has an ordinary (solar) metal abundance. We discuss various possible formation scenarios for this unusual planet.

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“…Only five other USPs have measured masses and densities: 55 Cnc (Fischer et al 2008;Dawson & Fabrycky 2010;Nelson et al 2014;Demory et al 2016), CoRoT-7b (Léger et al 2009;Bruntt et al 2010;Haywood et al 2014), Kepler-10b Esteves et al 2015), Kepler-78b (Howard et al 2013;Pepe et al 2013;Grunblatt et al 2015), and WASP-47e Dai et al 2015;Sinukoff et al 2017). These planets are plotted on the mass-radius diagram in Figure 7(b).…”

Section: Ultra-short-period Planetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…RadVel is easily adaptable to a variety of maximum likelihood fitting and MCMC applications. The standard version allows for modeling of multiplanet, multi-instrument RV time series and assumes no interaction between planets (e.g., Sinukoff et al 2017).…”

Section: Light-curve Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With 10,000-20,000 stars per campaign, hundreds of transiting planet candidates have been discovered Adams et al 2016a;Barros et al 2016;Pope et al 2016), many of which have been statistically validated or confirmed as planets (Crossfield et al 2016;Sinukoff et al 2016). This includes several USPs around bright stars amenable to Doppler spectroscopy, including WASP-47e Dai et al 2015;Sinukoff et al 2017) and HD 3167b (Vanderburg et al 2016). K2 also provides an opportunity to probe the compositions of planets in and at the boundaries of the photoevaporation desert.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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K2-66b and K2-106b: Two Extremely Hot Sub-Neptune-size Planets with High Densities

Sinukoff

Howard

Petigura

et al. 2017

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We report precise mass and density measurements of two extremely hot sub-Neptune-size planets from the K2 mission using radial velocities, K2 photometry, and adaptive optics imaging. K2-66 harbors a close-in subNeptune-sized ( -+ 2.49 0.24 0.34 Å R ) planet (K2-66b) with a mass of  21.3 3.6 Å M . Because the star is evolving up the subgiant branch, K2-66b receives a high level of irradiation, roughly twice the main-sequence value. K2-66b may reside within the so-called "photoevaporation desert," a domain of planet size and incident flux that is almost completely devoid of planets. Its mass and radius imply that K2-66b has, at most, a meager envelope fraction (<5%) and perhaps no envelope at all, making it one of the largest planets without a significant envelope. K2-106 hosts an ultra-short-period planet (P=13.7 hr) that is one of the hottest sub-Neptune-size planets discovered to date. Its radius ( -+ 1.82 0.14 0.20 Å R ) and mass (  9.0 1.6 Å M ) are consistent with a rocky composition, as are all other small ultra-short-period planets with well-measured masses. K2-106 also hosts a larger, longer-period planet (R p = -+ 2.77 0.23 0.37 Å R , P=13.3 days) with a mass less than 24.4 Å M at 99.7% confidence. K2-66b and K2-106b probe planetary physics in extreme radiation environments. Their high densities reflect the challenge of retaining a substantial gas envelope in such extreme environments.

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Mass Constraints of the Wasp-47 Planetary System From Radial Velocities

Cited by 47 publications

References 60 publications

An Ultra-short Period Rocky Super-Earth with a Secondary Eclipse and a Neptune-like Companion around K2-141

An Ultra-short Period Rocky Super-Earth with a Secondary Eclipse and a Neptune-like Companion around K2-141

K2-106, a system containing a metal-rich planet and a planet of lower density

K2-66b and K2-106b: Two Extremely Hot Sub-Neptune-size Planets with High Densities

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