Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Drugs of Abuse: Challenges and Emerging Strategies

Borden, Scott A.; Palaty, Jan; Termopoli, Veronica; Famiglini, Giorgio; Cappiello, Achille; Gill, Chris G.

doi:10.1002/mas.21624

Cited by 50 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 391 publications

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“…Mass spectrometric (MS) techniques have largely complemented or replaced traditional methods in laboratory medicine, toxicology, microbiology as well as molecular pathology and are suitable for reliable, cost-effective and rapid detection of amplified polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products [7][8][9][10][11]. Thus, this method has a great potential to complement the current diagnostic arsenal, especially in times where a shortage of reagents may limit the application of real-time reverse transcriptase (rRT)-PCR, which is the current gold standard for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by Mass Spectrometry

Wandernoth

Kriegsmann

Groh-Mohanu

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Background: Amplification of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is the gold standard to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since the initial outbreak, strategies to detect and isolate patients have been important to avoid uncontrolled viral spread. Although testing capacities have been upscaled, there is still a need for reliable high throughput test systems, specifically those that require alternative consumables. Therefore, we tested and compared two different methods for the detection of viral PCR products: rRT-PCR and mass spectrometry (MS). Methods: Viral RNA was isolated and amplified from oro- or nasopharyngeal swabs. A total of 22 samples that tested positive and 22 samples that tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 by rRT-PCR were analyzed by MS. Results of the rRT-PCR and the MS protocol were compared. Results: Results of rRT-PCR and the MS test system were in concordance in all samples. Time-to-results was faster for rRT-PCR. Hands-on-time was comparable in both assays. Conclusions: MS is a fast, reliable and cost-effective alternative for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 from oral and nasopharyngeal swabs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by Mass Spectrometry

Wandernoth

Kriegsmann

Groh-Mohanu

et al. 2020

Viruses

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“…In contrast, mass spectrometry (MS) is widely acknowledged as the 'gold standard' analytical measurement technology for forensic drug analysis, including for drug monitoring [31,32]. MS, when coupled with established chromatographic separation techniques, namely Gas Chromatography (GC)-MS [33] and Liquid Chromatography (LC)-Electrospray Ionization (ESI)-MS or -Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) [34][35][36] are capable of providing definitive drug identifications with high sensitivity, specificity and quantitative accuracy, including for low level components within poly-drug mixtures, by matching the observed retention times, mass-to-charge ratio's and/or characteristic fragmentation patterns for each drug against the information contained within reference libraries generated from authentic standards [35,36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a means to address these limitations, various alternative MS based strategies employing 'ambient ionisation' techniques for direct sample introduction have been investigated [32], including Desorption ElectroSpray Ionization (DESI) [37,38], Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) [39][40][41][42], Low Temperature Plasma (LTP) ionization [43][44][45], Paper-Spray (PS) ionization [46][47][48][49], and Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe (ASAP) [50].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Importantly, these approaches enable rapid MS and MS/MS data acquisition with little or no requirement for sample preparation or separation prior to sample introduction [32], with sufficient sensitivity for trace-level analysis, and can be interfaced with portable mass spectrometry instrumentation [37,38,48,50,51] for direct qualitative or quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical and illicit drug substances including synthetic cathinones [37] and fentanyl and fentanyl-analogues [49], including when in the presence of other illicit drugs at significantly higher concentration [42].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Early Warning Monitoring System for Illicit Drug Use at Large Public Events: ‘Close to Real Time’ Trace Residue Analysis of Discarded Drug Packaging Samples

West¹,

Fitzgerald²,

Hopkins³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Inspired by the exchange principle espoused by Edmond Locard (1877-1966), which states “every contact leaves a trace”, we report here the development and application of a strategy for trace residue sampling and analysis of discarded ‘Drug Packaging Samples’ (DPS), as part of an early warning monitoring system for illicit drug use at large public events. Using Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) - mass spectrometry (MS) and -tandem mass<br>spectrometry (MS/MS), rapid and high-throughput identification and characterisation of a wide range of illicit drugs and adulterant substances was achieved, including those present in complex poly-drug mixtures and at low relative abundances, and with analysis times of less than one minute per sample. 1362 DPS were analysed either ‘off-site’ using laboratory-based instrumentation or in ‘on-site’ in ‘close to real time’ using a transportable mass spectrometer housed within a customised mobile analytical laboratory. 92.2% of DPS yielded positive results for at least one of 15 different pharmacologically active drugs and/or adulterants, including cocaine, MDMA, and ketamine, as well as numerous ‘novel psychoactive substances’ (NPS). Notably, polydrug mixtures were more common than single drugs, with 52.6% of positive DPS found to contain more than one substance, and with 42 different drug and polydrug combinations observed throughout the study. For analyses performed ‘on-site’, reports to key stakeholders including event organisers, first aid and medical personnel, and peer-based harm reduction workers could be provided in as little as 5 minutes after sample collection. Then, following risk assessment of the potential harms associated with their use, drug advisories or alerts were then disseminated to event staff and patrons, and subsequently to the general public, when substances with particularly toxic properties were identified.<br>

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“…Detection in HPLC includes UV–vis absorption, fluorescence, refractive index, chemiluminescence, various types of electrochemical detection, evaporative light‐scattering, etc., offering a wide range of possibilities for measuring the analytes or their derivatives. HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) brings analytical advantages for selectivity and sensitivity (Borden et al, 2020), although the literature also debates some limitations (Medvedovici, Albu, & David, 2010) or the magnitude of separation required for LC–MS quantitative bioanalysis of drugs and metabolites (Tan & Fanaras, 2018). Currently, the most extensively utilized LC–MS interfaces are based on atmospheric pressure ionization strategies, such as electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photo‐ionization (APPI) (Sabourian et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Derivatization procedures and their analytical performances for HPLC determination in bioanalysis

David

Moldoveanu

Galaon

2020

Biomedical Chromatography

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Derivatization, or chemical structure modification, is often used in bioanalysis performed by liquid chromatography technique in order to enhance detectability or to improve the chromatographic performance for the target analytes. The derivatization process is discussed according to the analytical procedure used to achieve the reaction between the reagent and the target compounds (containing hydroxyl, thiol, amino, carbonyl and carboxyl as the main functional groups involved in derivatization). Important procedures for derivatization used in bioanalysis are in situ or based on extraction processes (liquid-liquid, solid-phase and related techniques) applied to the biomatrix. In the review, chiral, isotope-labeling, hydrophobicity-tailored and post-column derivatizations are also included, based on representative publications in the literature during the last two decades. Examples of derivatization reagents and brief reaction conditions are included, together with some bioanalytical applications and performances (chromatographic conditions, detection limit, stability and sample biomatrix).

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Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Drugs of Abuse: Challenges and Emerging Strategies

Cited by 50 publications

References 391 publications

Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by Mass Spectrometry

Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by Mass Spectrometry

An Early Warning Monitoring System for Illicit Drug Use at Large Public Events: ‘Close to Real Time’ Trace Residue Analysis of Discarded Drug Packaging Samples

Derivatization procedures and their analytical performances for HPLC determination in bioanalysis

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