Mass transfer limitations on fixed-bed reactor for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis

Yang, Jung Hoon; Kim, Hak-Joo; Chun, Dong Hyun; Lee, Ho-Tae; Hong, Ji‐Yeon; Jung, Heon; Yang, Jung Eun

doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.10.010

Cited by 52 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…A fixed-bed reactor is employed to produce synthetic fuel due to its significant features. The ease of scale up from single-bed to pilot plant, the ease of catalyst loading and replacement are two leading features of fixed bed reactors [73]. F-T reaction is highly exothermic (∆H 298K = −140 to −160 kJ.mol −1 CO converted, depending on the products) and produces waste heat that must be removed from the reactor.…”

Section: F-t Reactor Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of Fischer Tropsch synthesis process, mechanism, surface chemistry and catalyst formulation

Mahmoudi

Doustdar

et al. 2017

Biofuels Engineering

165

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For more than half a century, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) of liquid hydrocarbons was a technology of great potential for the indirect liquefaction of solid or gaseous carbon-based energy sources (Coal-To-Liquid (CTL) and Gas-To-Liquid (GTL)) into liquid transportable fuels. In contrast with the past, nowadays transport fuels are mainly produced from crude oil and there is not considerable diversity in their variety. Due to some limitations in the first generation bio-fuels, the Second-Generation Biofuels (SGB)' technology was developed to perform the Biomass-To-Liquid (BTL) process. The BTL is a well-known multi-step process to convert the carbonaceous feedstock (biomass) into liquid fuels via FTS technology. This paper presents a brief history of FTS technology used to convert coal into liquid hydrocarbons; the significance of bioenergy and SGB are discussed as well. The paper covers the characteristics of biomass, which is used as feedstock in the BTL process. Different mechanisms in the FTS process to describe carbon monoxide hydrogenation as well as surface polymerization reaction are discussed widely in this paper. The discussed mechanisms consist of carbide, COinsertion and the hydroxycarbene mechanism. The surface chemistry of silica support is discussed. Silanol functional groups in silicon chemistry are explained extensively. The catalyst formulation in the Fischer Tropsch (F-T) process as well as F-T reaction engineering is discussed. In addition, the most common catalysts are introduced and the current reactor technologies in the F-T indirect liquefaction process are considered. process overview IntroductionThe over-reliance of the world's nations on conventional fossil fuels puts our planet in peril. The continuity of the current situation will result in the rise of a combined average temperature over global land and ocean surfaces by 5 ∘ C in 2100, bringing a rise in sea levels, food and water shortages and an increase in extreme weather events. The global warming, caused by humans, is one of the biggest threats to our future well-being [1]. In addition, oil reserves are limited and these reserves are decreasing dramatically. This reduction alongside the other relevant economic factors affects the world's oil prices. The need to run engines with the new generation of liquid fuels is inevitable. The investigations by the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) published in 2013 expressed a 56 percent increase in the world's energy consumption by the year 2040. Total world energy demand will have risen to 865 EJ (exajoule) by this year. The total world energy consumption was reported as 553 EJ in 2010. The outlook indicates that renewable energy is one of the fastest-growing energy sources in the world; where its usage increases 2.5 percent per year. Despite increasing success in the renewable energies, it is predicted that the fossil fuels will supply al-

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Section: F-t Reactor Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of Fischer Tropsch synthesis process, mechanism, surface chemistry and catalyst formulation

Mahmoudi

Doustdar

et al. 2017

Biofuels Engineering

165

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The FBR has been selected for this study principally because it presents the greatest challenge in terms of heat rejection [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. It is still used in industry (Shell and Sasol) because (i) it does away with the need for separating products from the catalyst, (ii) kinetic data from a single tube is quite representative at the pilot-plant scale and (iii) it features low fluid inventory [2,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]]. …”

Section: Fixed Bed Reactor (Fbr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Methane production however increases exponentially with temperature. In fact, left to the thermodynamics of the process, the limiting products will be carbon and CH 4 [3,[8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Effect Of Inlet/wall Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperature stabilisation in Fischer–Tropsch reactors using phase change material (PCM)

Odunsi

O’Donovan

Reay

2016

Applied Thermal Engineering

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The Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reaction is a highly exothermic reaction. The high exothermicity combined with a high sensitivity of product selectivity to temperature, constitute the main challenges in the design of FT reactors. The use of micro-encapsulated-Phase Change Material (PCM) in conjunction with the supervisory temperature control mechanism has been suggested as an effective way of mitigating these challenges. A 2-dimensional, pseudo-homogeneous, steady-state model, with the dissipation of the enthalpy of reaction into an isothermal PCM sink, in a fixed bed reactor is presented. Effective temperature control with the PCM shows a shift in thermodynamic equilibrium favouring the selectivity of C5 to the disadvantage of CH 4 selectivity -a much desired outcome in the hydrocarbon Gas-to-Liquid industry.

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“…FT rеactors arе opеratеd at high tеmpеraturе rangеs, i.е., 150-300 °C. High tеmpеraturеs arе favorablе in FT rеactions because they lead to fastеr reactions and higher conversion [3]. FTS can be conducted with very low temperature range between 563 and 583K within a wide range of CO conversion using saturated water as coolant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimum High-Quality Ceramic Support like SiC, Al2O3 & TiO2 for Cobalt as a Very Active Metal for Fisher-Tropsch-Synthesis in a Fixed Bed Reactor Configuration

Hussain¹,

Naveed²

2015

JEPE

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A series of experiments were performed on indigenously synthesized catalyst pallets of cobalt as a very active metal on ceramic support like SiC, Al 2 O 3 & TiO 2 in a fixed bed reactor configuration with an aim to study the catalyst activity & selectivity, chemical kinetics, design flexibility, temperature, pressure by characteristics diffusion distance. Catalyst pallets were prepared and then characterized by N 2 adsorption, X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Temperature Programmed Reduction. The results showed the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller area of SiC was the lowest among the three supports prepared for testing. However, its reducibility showed improvement with use of cobalt acetate, as a precursor, rather than cobalt nitrates. Mechanical strength and behavior was checked by the hardness testing machine. Fischer Tropsch (FT) synthesis experiments were performed in the fixed bed reactor set at 450-500 K and 2.3-2.5 MPa using synthetic gas having H 2 /CO ration = 2.0. FT synthesis showed that cobalt/silicon carbide catalyst gives high CO conversion and lower methane selectivity, compared to Co/Al 2 O 3 and Co/TiO 2 , as well as high C5 + selectivity of almost 90%. Moreover, its stability was enhanced by the addition of ZrO 2, as without this addition, the Co/SiC interactions are weaker and can cause carbon sintering, and thus, the deactivation rate to increase.

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Mass transfer limitations on fixed-bed reactor for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis

Cited by 52 publications

References 12 publications

A review of Fischer Tropsch synthesis process, mechanism, surface chemistry and catalyst formulation

A review of Fischer Tropsch synthesis process, mechanism, surface chemistry and catalyst formulation

Temperature stabilisation in Fischer–Tropsch reactors using phase change material (PCM)

Optimum High-Quality Ceramic Support like SiC, Al2O3 & TiO2 for Cobalt as a Very Active Metal for Fisher-Tropsch-Synthesis in a Fixed Bed Reactor Configuration

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