Mass Vaccination Against Yellow Fever by Scarification with 17D Strain Vaccine

Cannon, D. A.; Dewhurst, F.; Meers, P.D.

doi:10.1080/00034983.1957.11685814

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Although our study is not powered to identify rare adverse events 22, 23 , prior studies involving >130,000 vaccinees indicate that TC vaccination with YFV-17D is safe, with no serious adverse events recorded 7-9 . Using a 15-jab approach to TC vaccination, we obtained 87% seroconversion with neutralizing antibody levels well above the LNI = 0.7 level required for protective immunity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Unlike most live virus vaccines, YFV-17D vaccination/infection can be performed by either subcutaneous (SC) vaccination (thus bypassing the skin) or by transcutaneous (TC) vaccination, performed similarly to traditional smallpox vaccination. Transcutaneous vaccination (referred to as, “scarification”) was practiced in Africa during the 1950’s and studies of mass vaccinations totaling >130,000 recipients documented that TC vaccination with YFV-17D was safe and immunogenic 7-9 . Also, from a public health cost perspective, our studies indicate that a single 0.5 mL SC dose of YFV-17D could be reconstituted in a small volume to provide up to 50 doses when administered by the TC route.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcutaneous yellow fever vaccination of subjects with or without atopic dermatitis

Leung

Hammarlund

Raué

et al. 2014

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

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Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease with global prevalence ranging from 3% to 20%. AD patients have an increased risk for complications following viral infection (e.g., herpes simplex virus), and vaccination of AD patients with live vaccinia virus is contraindicated due to a heightened risk of eczema vaccinatum, a rare but potentially lethal complication associated with smallpox vaccination. Objective To develop a better understanding of immunity to cutaneous viral infection in AD patients. Methods In a double-blind, randomized study, we investigated the safety and immunogenicity of live attenuated yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccination of non-atopic (NA) subjects and AD patients following standard subcutaneous (SC) inoculation or transcutaneous (TC) vaccination administered with a bifurcated needle. Viremia, neutralizing antibody, and antiviral T cell responses were analyzed for up to 30 days post-vaccination. Results YFV vaccination by either route was well tolerated. SC vaccination resulted in higher seroconversion rates than TC vaccination but elicited similar antiviral antibody levels and T cell responses in both NA and AD groups. Following TC vaccination, both groups mounted similar neutralizing antibody responses, but AD patients demonstrated lower antiviral T cell responses by 30 days after vaccination. Among TC-vaccinated subjects, a significant inverse correlation between baseline IgE levels and the magnitude of antiviral antibody and CD4+ T cell responses was observed. Conclusions YFV vaccination of AD patients by the TC route revealed that high baseline IgE levels provides a potential biomarker for predicting reduced virus-specific immune memory following TC infection with a live virus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcutaneous yellow fever vaccination of subjects with or without atopic dermatitis

Leung

Hammarlund

Raué

et al. 2014

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

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“…YF 17D is delivered as a subcutaneous (SC) inoculation, but can also be administered by the intramuscular, intradermal (ID) or epidermal [44,45], or intranasal [46] routes. Wild-type YF virus has been shown to infect monkeys by the oral route (intragastric inoculation) [47], and there are two recent reports of adverse events caused by inadvertent YF 17D infection in infants breastfeeding on mothers who were recently vaccinated (CDC, unpublished), suggesting that use of 17D vectors for oral or enteric immunization might be possible.…”

Section: Chimeric Flaviviruses Using Yellow Fever 17d Vaccine As the mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recombinant, Chimeric, Live, Attenuated Vaccines Against Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses

Monath¹

2010

Replicating Vaccines

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Many arthropod-borne flaviviruses are important human pathogens responsible for diverse illnesses, including yellow fever (YF), Japanese encephalitis (JE), and TBE and dengue. Live, attenuated vaccines have afforded the most effective and economical means of prevention and control, as illustrated by YF 17D and JE SA14-14-2 vaccines. Recent advances in recombinant DNA technology have made it possible to explore a novel approach for developing live attenuated flavivirus vaccines against other flaviviruses. Full-length cDNA clones allow construction of infectious virus bearing attenuating mutations or deletions incorporated in the viral genome. It is also possible to create chimeric flaviviruses in which the structural protein genes for the target antigens of a flavivirus are replaced by the corresponding genes of another flavivirus. By combining these molecular techniques, the DNA sequences of DEN4 containing a deletion in the 3 0 NCR, a DEN2 PDK-53 candidate vaccine and YF 17D vaccine have been used as the genetic backbone to construct chimeric flaviviruses with the required attenuation phenotype and expression of the target antigens. Encouraging results from preclinical and clinical studies have shown that several chimeric flavivirus vaccines have the safety profile and satisfactory immunogenicity and protective efficacy to warrant development as products for human use. The chimeric flavivirus strategy has led to the rapid development of novel live, attenuated vaccines against DEN, TBE, JE and WN. This chapter reviews an extensive body of work on the development of these vaccine candidates, one of which is licensed and others are in advanced clinical development.A similar approach is being used to create vaccines against alphaviruses. Here the experience is less, but some promising data have been developed, particularly using SIN virus as a vector for structural genes of heterologous alphaviruses. The principal issues for this technology will be to achieve convincing nonclinical data on safety, the proper balance of attenuation and immunogenicity, and proof of concept in large animal models and ultimately humans.

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“…Encephalitis: Though the French scratch vaccine has been widely used, fear of its neurotropic nature was not entirely groundless. Eighty-three cases of encephalitis occurred after its use in 42,000 persons in Enugu, Nigeria .. (see Meers 1957 ;Theiler 1959). Certain lots of 17D vaccine also caused encephalitis in South America (Fox, Lennette, Manso and Souza-Aguiar, 1942) but following limitation of passage of virus for vaccine production, no more such outbreaks have occurred.…”

Section: Complications Following Yellow Fever Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dick (1952) Hahn, Horgan andCannon, Dewhurst andMeers (1957), all showed that a considerable measure of success could be achieved by this method and the latter workers also showed that 17D chick embryo vaccine and 17D vaccine prepared in mouse brain were equally effective. The percentage of persons shown by protection tests to have become immune was, however, well below the 95 per cent required to be produced by a vaccine approved for international travellers (see Meers 1957 ;Parish and Cannon 1962), Using a 17D mouse-brain vaccine on two separate occasions on each child ('double scratch') Meers (1960) protected 98 per cent of children by the scratch method. Neurotropism of 17D virus in mouse-brain vaccine stays low if the mice whose brains are used to make it are inoculated with chick embryo virus and no further passage in mice takes place (Meers 1959).…”

Section: Recent Advancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Miscellaneous Immunizations

Archer

1963

Int J Clinical Practice

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Mass Vaccination Against Yellow Fever by Scarification with 17D Strain Vaccine

Cited by 13 publications

References 3 publications

Transcutaneous yellow fever vaccination of subjects with or without atopic dermatitis

Transcutaneous yellow fever vaccination of subjects with or without atopic dermatitis

Recombinant, Chimeric, Live, Attenuated Vaccines Against Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses

Miscellaneous Immunizations

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