Mast cell and eosinophil mucosal responses in the large intestine of horses naturally infected with cyathostomes

Collobert-Laugier, C.; Hoste, Hervé; Sevin, C.; Chartier, Christophe; Dorchies, Philippe

doi:10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00119-x

Cited by 29 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In a separate study, mast cell and eosinophil levels were analysed in the large intestines of 42 horses collected from an abattoir [6]. Numbers of mucosal and submucosal mast cells (MMC and SMMC), intraepithelial, mucosal and submucosal eosinophils (IE, ME and SME) were studied in relation to parasite burden.…”

Section: Immunobiology Of Cyathostomin Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent developments in research into the Cyathostominae and Anoplocephala perfoliata

et al. 2004

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-Intestinal helminths are an important cause of equine disease. Of these parasites, the Cyathostominae are the commonest group that infect horses. These nematodes consist of a complex tribe of 51 species, although individual horses tend to harbour 10 or so common species, in addition to a few rarer species. The Cyathostominae can be extremely pathogenic, and high levels of infection result in clinical symptoms ranging from chronic weight loss to colic, diarrhoea and death. As part of their life cycle, immature cyathostomins penetrate the large intestinal wall, where they can enter a state of inhibited larval development. These larvae can exist in this state for months to years, after which they subsequently re-emerge. If larvae re-emerge in large numbers (i.e. several million), severe pathological consequences ensue. The inhibited larvae are also relatively refractory to several of the currently available anthelmintics, so that horses treated previously with anthelmintics can still carry life-threatening burdens of these parasitic stages. Little is known about the cyathostomin larvae during their mucosal phase, and current research efforts are focused on investigating the biology of these stages. Much of the research described here highlights this area of research and details studies aimed at investigating the host immune responses that the mucosal larvae invoke. As part of this research effort, molecular tools have been developed to facilitate the identification of larval and egg stages of cyathostomins. These molecular tools are now proving very useful in the investigation of the relative contributions that individual, common cyathostomin species make to the pathology and epidemiology of mixed helminth infections. At the more applied level, research is also in progress to develop an immunodiagnostic test that will allow numbers of mucosal larvae to be estimated. This test utilises antigen-specific IgG(T) serum antibody responses as markers of infection. As anthelmintic resistance will be the major constraint on the future control of the Cyathostominae, researchers are now actively investigating this area and studies aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance are described. Another parasite which has assumed a clinically important role in horses is the tapeworm, Anoplocephala perfoliata. This parasite is prevalent world-wide and has been shown to be a significant cause of equine colic. Because previous methods of estimating the infection intensity of tapeworm were inaccurate, recent research has been directed at developing an immunodiagnostic ELISA for these cestodes. Specific IgG(T) responses to antigens secreted by adult tapeworms have been shown to provide a reasonable indication of infection intensity. An ELISA based on these responses is now commercially available. The steps involved in the development of this ELISA are described here. In addition to these recent advances in research, this review also outlines the principle areas for future research into these important equin...

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Section: Immunobiology Of Cyathostomin Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent developments in research into the Cyathostominae and Anoplocephala perfoliata

et al. 2004

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“…Any other abnormalities were noted. Well-established descriptions in the literature were used as a comparison to assess normal changes and normal cellular infiltrates in tissues 1,12,17,21,23,27,31,35,37,45,48 along with tissues from the untreated mare. Additional specific sections were stained with TB for mast cell presence within the tissues or with Gram stain to confirm microorganism morphology if detected.…”

Section: Histopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…17 Previous studies in horses of different ages have correlated the presence of mast cells and eosinophils in the large intestine of horses with cyathostome worm burdens. 12 Intestinal parasites were detected in some experimental mares, and although a total worm burden was not determined, the incidence was low, creating difficulty when deciding if the presence of mast cells in the GIT was due to parasite infestation or secondary to setal fragment presence. Mast cells were not part of the cellular reactions within the uterus of the mares in which tissues were stained with TB as cell numbers were low and comparable with the control mare and previously documented studies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Processionary Caterpillar Setae and Equine Fetal Loss

et al. 2013

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Six pregnant Standardbred mares aged between 6 and 14 years were gavaged with 50 g or 100 g of suspended emulsified whole Processionary caterpillars (Ochrogaster lunifer) for 5 days during 2 experiments undertaken to study the etiology of equine amnionitis and fetal loss (EAFL). The 6 treated mares and 1 untreated mare were between 128 and 252 days gestation. Mare 1 (untreated) was euthanized on day 5 of the treatment period, while the treated mares were euthanized on days 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, and 24 days from their first treatment. Caterpillar setae were not found in the untreated mare. Setal fragments were present in all regions of the gastrointestinal tracts in all treated mares, the uteri and mesenteric lymph nodes of 5 mares, and the liver of 4 mares. Acute gastroenteritis of varying severity was present in all treated mares, and 5 of 6 mares had acute colitis and endometritis. Focal hyperplastic serositis was found in the duodenum, cecum, dorsal colon, and uteri of various mares occasionally with embedded setal fragments. Setal invasion of the mucosa evoked a range of lesions including superficial erosion to deep ulceration. Inflammation in deeper tissues ranged from unapparent to neutrophilic (microabscesses), eosinophilic, or mononuclear (microgranulomas). The finding of setal fragments within the uterus of experimental mares suggests that direct migration of setal fragments acting as a bacterial vector is a likely mechanism for the bacterial abortions that characterize equine amnionitis and fetal loss.

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“…It is unknown 283 if the chitin which composes PC setae would cause a similar reaction in the organs, mucosa or submucosa of the GIT of horses after migrating, however, caterpillars in other areas of the world may have other toxins or setae which could provoke such a response and the ability of insect chitin/setae to cause a diffuse enterocolitis should not be overlooked. Eosinophils were present within the bowel of experimentally treated mares but numbers appeared consistent with the literature and the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease of any description is not known for horses in Australia which would be continually exposed to caterpillar exoskeleton (Collobert- Laugier et al, 2002).…”

Section: Multisystemic Eosinophilic Epitheliotropic Disease (Meed)supporting

confidence: 57%

“…Inflammation was evaluated on the basis of previous studies outline inflammation in the GIT and organs of the mares (Gomez-Cuetara et al, 1995;Welle et al, 1997;Collobert-Laugier et al, 2002;Packer et al, 2005;Abd-Elnaeim et al, 2006;Steinbach et al, 2006;Du Toit et al, 2007;Jischa et al, 2008;Hopster-Iversen et al, 2011;Snider et al, 2011;Walter et al, 2012). The foetal membranes and tissues of control foals/foetuses were examined to determine the normal presence of leucocytes in the membranes.…”

Section: Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathology of equine amnionitis and foetal lLoss: clinical and experimental studies

Todhunter¹

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Detailed experience in identifying the appearance of setal fragments which is highlighted under toluidine blue staining allowed in depth examination of tissues from equine abortions submitted for examination in 2012. Five cases were found in which a caterpillar setal fragment was found in the allantochorion confirming that setal fragments migrate from field exposure as well as experimental exposure to processionary caterpillars.The experiments in this thesis have shown histologically for the first time, the ability of Processionary caterpillar setae to penetrate the maternal gut wall and migrate directly into the uterus and placental tissues. This is considered to be the most likely means of translocation of bacteria to the foetal membranes. The direct, rapid migration of setae in as little as two days from ingestion from the gut to the placenta facilitates bacterial infection.Bacteria present in the mare's gut likely attach to migrating setal fragments and translocate through the gut wall, the uterus and the foetal membranes in which they subsequently colonize. Incomplete migration of setal fragments may account for the focal mucoid placentitis induced when mares were exposed in early gestation. Bacterial colonization of 5 the foetal membranes and/or foetus may cause foetal compromise or death and eventual abortion.The variety of manifestations of EAFL due to the migration of setal fragments ranging from acute abortion, chronic active placentitis, stillbirth, compromised preterm and full term foals, and focal mucoid placentitis have a significant impact on the breeding of horses and ultimately the racing industry in Australia.6

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Mast cell and eosinophil mucosal responses in the large intestine of horses naturally infected with cyathostomes

Cited by 29 publications

References 19 publications

Recent developments in research into the Cyathostominae and Anoplocephala perfoliata

Recent developments in research into the Cyathostominae and Anoplocephala perfoliata

Processionary Caterpillar Setae and Equine Fetal Loss

Pathology of equine amnionitis and foetal lLoss: clinical and experimental studies

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