“…3 We observed that, compared to vehicle treatment, CP55,940 treatment of sickle mice for 3 weeks significantly decreased the cytokines released from skin biopsies (IL-1α, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1; P<0.01, Figure 2H). Consistent with decreased mast cell activation, treatment with CP55,940 lowered the levels of granulocte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), two chemokines involved in mast cell recruitment and function, 24,25 by at least 35% (P<0.01). GM-CSF plays a critical role in regulating leukocyte counts, which are often elevated in SCA.…”