Materials and Methods for the Chemical Catalytic Cracking of Plastic Waste

Noreña, L.; Aguilar, José Francisco Gómez; Múgica, V.; Gutiérrez, M.; Torres, M.

doi:10.5772/31705

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Frequently in catalytic pyrolysis, the first step consists of the protonation of carbon atoms to form carbocations that can be stabilized by β fission reactions, isomerization, or hydrogen transfer [54]. The protonation of carbon to form carbocations occurs when protons are donated by the Brønsted acid sites or the capture of a hydride through the Lewis acid sites [54][55][56]. In the case of sepiolite and other clay minerals, their acidity probably comes from the dissociation of the water that is coordinated with cations located between the clay layers (Brønsted acidity) [52].…”

Section: Characterization Of Liquid Fractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Products of the Catalytic Pyrolysis of Discarded COVID-19 Masks over Sepiolite

Ortega

Martín-Lara

Pula³

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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This research aims to develop a new strategy to valorize wasted COVID-19 masks based on chemical recycling by pyrolysis to convert them into useful products. First, surgical and filtering face piece masks, as defined in Europe by the EN 149 standard (FFP2), were thermally pyrolyzed at temperatures of 450, 500, and 550 °C, and the yields of valuable solid (biochar), liquid (biooil), and syngas products and their characteristics were determined. At low temperatures, biochar formation was favored over biooil and syngas production, while at high temperatures the syngas product yield was enhanced. The highest yield of biooil was found at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C, with both surgical and FFP2 masks achieving biooil yields of 59.08% and 58.86%, respectively. Then, the pyrolysis experiments were performed at 500 °C in a two-stage pyrolysis catalytic reactor using sepiolite as a catalyst. Sepiolite was characterized using nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Results showed that the two-stage process increased the final yield of syngas product (43.89% against 39.52% for surgical masks and 50.53% against 39.41% for FFP2 masks). Furthermore, the composition of the biooils significantly changed, increasing the amount of 2,4-Dimethyl-1-heptene and other olefins, such as 3-Eicosene, (E)-, and 5-Eicosene, (E)-. Additionally, the methane and carbon dioxide content of the syngas product also increased in the two-stage experiments. Ultimately, the effect of sepiolite regeneration for its use in consecutive pyrolysis tests was examined. Characterization data showed that, the higher the use-regeneration of sepiolite, the higher the modification of textural properties, with mainly higher changes in its pore volume. The results indicated that the pyrolysis of face masks can be a good source of valuable products (especially from biooil and syngas products).

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Section: Characterization Of Liquid Fractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Products of the Catalytic Pyrolysis of Discarded COVID-19 Masks over Sepiolite

Ortega

Martín-Lara

Pula³

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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“…The nonselective technologies found useful at the last recycling stage are generally thermolytic such as pyrolysis and hydrocracking technologies that convert the polymer feedstock into monomer and pyrolytic oils [31,32]. At a quaternary stage, incineration is employed to recover the energy content of the waste polymer feedstock [33][34][35].…”

Section: Plastic Recycling Stratamentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Reliable and Emerging Technologies Available for Plastic Recycling in a Circular Economy?

Glaser¹,

Sahle‐Demessie²,

Richardson³

2022

Waste Material Recycling in the Circular Economy - Challenges and Developments

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A spectrum of plastics has been produced in the last 70 years, and plastic production has increased faster than any other manufactured material. Current recycling of all plastic materials is pegged at 10% or less. The social value that plastics enjoys is reflected in its myriad uses for engineered durability to single-use applications. Disposable or single-use plastic items have become a significant problem. Plastic debris has become ubiquitous to the landscape and aquatic resources, leading to human health, ecological concerns, and sustainability issues. Past disposal practices relied on waste plastic flows to certain countries for disposal, but these have been summarily curtailed, needing alternatives as productive and environmentally conscious recycling technology. Waste plastics can be repurposed using purification, decomposition, or conversion processes that are based on established and emerging mechanical and chemical technologies. Plastic recycling technologies, such as thermal, chemical, and biological depolymerization processes, including pyrolytic technologies using plastics-to-fuel strategies, are under development ranging from bench-scale demonstrations to full-scale implementation. The ideal of closed supply chain constraints offers optimal solutions to plastic recycling. Evaluation of new processes requires performance assessment to understand better how plastics recycling technologies contribute to the environment and the sustainable reuse of plastic materials.

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“…1,2 Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is a remarkable technology for the treatment and removal of plastic wastes. 3 This method exhibits considerable potential for converting heavy oil from plastic waste and other hydrocarbons into more valuable light gas. In this method, solid particles serve as catalysts and the chemical reactions of the gas species involve a complex mechanism of consecutive or parallel competition; 4,5 furthermore, a downer reactor, in which both gas and solid travel downward, is found to be suitable for this reaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling of catalytic cracking fluidized bed downer reactor based on CFD simulations—Part II: effect of reactor scale

et al. 2022

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Materials and Methods for the Chemical Catalytic Cracking of Plastic Waste

Cited by 9 publications

References 37 publications

Characterization of the Products of the Catalytic Pyrolysis of Discarded COVID-19 Masks over Sepiolite

Characterization of the Products of the Catalytic Pyrolysis of Discarded COVID-19 Masks over Sepiolite

Are Reliable and Emerging Technologies Available for Plastic Recycling in a Circular Economy?

Scaling of catalytic cracking fluidized bed downer reactor based on CFD simulations—Part II: effect of reactor scale

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