Materials for Wind Turbine Blades: An Overview

Mishnaevsky, Leon; Branner, Kim; Petersen, Helga Nørgaard; Beauson, Justine; McGugan, Malcolm; Sørensen, Bent F.

doi:10.3390/ma10111285

Cited by 508 publications

(302 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Depending on frequency and volume content of particles, the attenuation coefficient is of the order of 100 to 300 1/m for low frequency ranges (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8). 79 For the case of epoxy filled with glass spheres, the losses of energy (effective total attenuation) is proportional to the frequency with the coefficient 0.456 e-6/2π sec/cm.…”

Section: Polymer-metal Coatingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toolbox for optimizing anti‐erosion protective coatings of wind turbine blades: Overview of mechanisms and technical solutions

Mishnaevsky

2019

Wind Energy

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Factors and structural parameters of coatings influencing the efficiency of protective coating systems against rain erosion of wind turbine blades are reviewed. The possibilities to enhance the attenuation of wave energy from droplet impact, increase damping and varying stiffness, creating interfaces for wave reflection, adding reinforcement for wave scattering, and creating additional layers or skeleton‐like reinforcing or wave absorbing structures, are discussed in the paper. Formulas for quantitative estimation of these effects as well as qualitative relationships between the structural parameters of coatings and their performance are presented. Recommendations and promising directions for the improvement of the protective coating systems for rain erosion protection of wind turbine blades are presented.

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Section: Polymer-metal Coatingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The problem of rain erosion of large moving objects became more important with broad development of wind energy, especially, large wind turbines and offshore turbines . Wind turbines with the sizes of up to 120 m each blade are expected to serve over 20 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toolbox for optimizing anti‐erosion protective coatings of wind turbine blades: Overview of mechanisms and technical solutions

Mishnaevsky

2019

Wind Energy

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“…The dominant reason for delamination and buckling failure are due to debonding between the pressure side and the suction side aerodynamic shells was the initial failure mechanism followed by its unstable propagation which leads to collapse [41]. Nowadays, researchers are trying to modify the laminated pattern to increase residual fatigue strength of a turbine blade [42][43][44]. In addition, there are three main requirements for the wind turbine blade material which has been satisfied to get the best turbine performance [45]:…”

Section: Current Problems and Materials Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dominant reason for delamination and buckling failure are due to debonding between the pressure side and the suction side aerodynamic shells was the initial failure mechanism followed by its unstable propagation which leads to collapse . Nowadays, researchers are trying to modify the laminated pattern to increase residual fatigue strength of a turbine blade . In addition, there are three main requirements for the wind turbine blade material which has been satisfied to get the best turbine performance : Aerodynamic performances can be maximized by increasing material stiffness. Gravity forces can be reduced using low‐density materials. Material degradation can be avoided through a selection of materials based on their fatigue life. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Materials, Innovations and Future Research Opportunities on Wind Turbine Blades—Insight Review

Karthikeyan

Anand

Suthakar

et al. 2018

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

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Nowadays, wind turbine blades are manufactured using several materials and methodologies to save cost and to increase their performance. This article gives a brief overview of blade materials and prevailing manufacturing traits to make them more reliable and cost‐efficient. The surface roughness, manufacturing defects, and fluctuating loads in flow fields significantly affect wind turbine power generation. However, these problems can be reduced by using appropriate materials. Therefore, selection of wind turbine materials is extremely important to maintain its performance even in harsh environmental conditions. This article describes an overview of current material solutions for overcoming material defects like delamination, structural distortion, and icing problems in the Polar Regions. It involves composites, smart alloys, protective coatings, etc. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13046, 2019 Highlights Types of loading, failure mechanisms and current manufacturing methods of wind turbine blades. Innovative blade material approach: Morphing concepts, Glass or Carbon fiber/Nano‐/Bio‐Composites. Active and passive strategies for anti‐icing or de‐icing of wind turbine blades.

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“…This leads to the deformation and damage initiation, fatigue cracking in coating and composites, debonding, cracks in composite, material loss, and roughening of surface. Other effects, which likely influence the LEE, are abrasion/cutting of coating surface (at low impact angle by raindrops), brittle fracture, and plastic deformation of the surface (at high and medium speed of raindrops, respectively) …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micromechanisms of leading edge erosion of wind turbine blades: X‐ray tomography analysis and computational studies

et al. 2019

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Micromechanisms of leading edge erosion of wind turbine blades are studied with the use of X-ray tomography and computational micromechanics simulations. Computational unit cell micromechanical models of the coatings taking into account their microscale and nanoscale structures have been developed and compared with microscopy studies. It was observed that the heterogeneities, particles, and voids in the protective coatings have critical effect on the crack initiation in the coatings under multiple liquid impact. The damage criterion for the formation of initial defects in the top coating is determined, and it is maximum principal stress criterion. Porosity or stiff particles in the coatings change the damage initiation sites, moving it from the contact surface to the pores or particles closest to the surface. Increasing the thickness of the polymer coatings allows reducing the stress amplitude, thus delaying the damage. KEYWORDScoatings, leading edge erosion, modeling, wind energy | INTRODUCTIONOne of the most common reasons of reduction of power generation by wind turbine is the leading edge erosion (LEE) of wind turbine blades. 1 The LEE is responsible for more than 5% reduction of annual energy production for wind turbines. 2 The impact of erosion on the rotor performance includes also an increase in drag coefficient 3 by 80% to 200% and a decrease in lift coefficient for higher angles of attack. 4The LEE of wind turbine blades depends on the loading conditions of the wind turbines blades (rain density, rain droplet size distribution, dust, and flow velocity) as well as on the properties of coating/gelcoat protection system (strength, stiffness, viscosity, and damping). 5-7 The removal and roughening of the leading edge surface take place by the material fatigue and damage accumulation because of multiple liquid impacts by the raindrops. 5 Each rain droplet hits the surfaces, creating pressure on the surface and wave propagation in the protective layers. This leads to the deformation and damage initiation, fatigue cracking in coating and composites, debonding, cracks in composite, material loss, and roughening of surface.Other effects, which likely influence the LEE, are abrasion/cutting of coating surface (at low impact angle by raindrops), brittle fracture, and plastic deformation of the surface (at high and medium speed of raindrops, respectively). 8,9 In this paper, X-ray tomography analysis and computational studies are carried out to understand the microscale mechanisms of the LEE.Typical nanoscale structures of various coatings are analyzed and identified using X-ray tomography analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Coated laminate samples, corresponding to a typical blade coatings, were tested to failure with the rain erosion tester (RET) from R&D Test Systems A/S. The distribution of defects, microcracks, and their locations was characterized by electron microscopy and X-ray tomography, again. Computational unit cell micromechanical models of the typical coating structures have been designed...

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Materials for Wind Turbine Blades: An Overview

Cited by 508 publications

References 90 publications

Toolbox for optimizing anti‐erosion protective coatings of wind turbine blades: Overview of mechanisms and technical solutions

Toolbox for optimizing anti‐erosion protective coatings of wind turbine blades: Overview of mechanisms and technical solutions

Materials, Innovations and Future Research Opportunities on Wind Turbine Blades—Insight Review

Micromechanisms of leading edge erosion of wind turbine blades: X‐ray tomography analysis and computational studies

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