Maternal Adversity and Recent Stressful Life Events in Anxious and Depressed Children

Goodyer, Ian; Wright, Caroline; Altham, P. M. E.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb01886.x

Cited by 64 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…This is surprising given that as most anxiety disorders take a chronic course, environmental factors important to onset are likely to be those present in childhood (Rapee and Bryant 2008). The limited evidence available indicates that anxious children experience a greater number of life events and some specific chronic adversities in the 12-month period preceding the onset of anxiety in comparison to healthy controls (e.g., Goodyer et al 1988Goodyer et al , 1990.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…First, in two of the studies anxious children were identified by an unstructured psychiatric interview and were obtained from severely disturbed populations attending in-patient and outpatient hospital-based psychiatric clinics (Goodyer et al 1988(Goodyer et al , 1990, which is not characteristic of most anxious children. The only study to identify children using a structured psychiatric interview (Gothelf et al 2004) relied on a child self-report checklist to assess life events and thus failed to provide a more independent determination of the "severity" or impact of stressors.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies with anxious children have either provided no detail as to how onset was defined or assessed (e.g., Gothelf et al 2004), or have employed a definition based on the appearance of symptoms of anxiety (e.g., Goodyer et al 1988Goodyer et al , 1990. Given the marked overlap between pre-existing temperamental traits and anxiety disorder (e.g., Hudson and Rapee 2004;Pérez-Edgar and Fox 2005;Rapee and Spence 2004), focus on impairment in the child's psychosocial functioning in addition to anxiety symptoms may provide a clearer definition of onset Sandberg et al 2001).…”

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Severe Life Events and Chronic Adversities as Antecedents to Anxiety in Children: A Matched Control Study

Allen

Rapee

Sandberg

2008

J Abnorm Child Psychol

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The present study compared the number of severe life events and chronic adversities as reported retrospectively by mothers of children with an anxiety disorder (n=39) prior to the onset of their most recent episode, with controls (n=39) matched for age and sex. The parent version of the Psychosocial Assessment of Childhood Experiences (PACE) was used to assess chronic adversities (long-term experiences with negative impact on child) and severe life events (discrete life events with high long-term threat). A significantly greater number of severe life events and chronic adversities were assessed prior to onset for anxious children compared to controls. The finding for severe life events held regardless of whether impact ratings were assigned by mothers or a panel of independent raters, suggesting the findings reflect actual as opposed to perceived differences. Results suggest that both discrete and chronic stressors may constitute risk for future episodes of anxiety in children.

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Severe Life Events and Chronic Adversities as Antecedents to Anxiety in Children: A Matched Control Study

Allen

Rapee

Sandberg

2008

J Abnorm Child Psychol

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“…Stress is another aspect of the family context that is likely to be heightened among children of mothers with depressive symptoms. Prior to the development of depression or conduct disorder, youth have been found to report the presence of more stressful life events (Goodyer, Wright, & Altham, 1988;Hastings, Anderson, & Kelley, 1996).We chose to study mediation as youth transition into early adolescence (Grades 5-6, as defined by Forehand, Neighbors, & Wierson, 1991), This age period was chosen in part because it marks a time of change and transition that can negatively influence individuals (Simmons, Burgeson, Carlton-Ford, & Blyth, 1987) and is associated with an increase in problems (Petersen & Hamburg, 1986 (Montemayor, 1986).The first proposed mediator in this study is mother-child communication. Parents play a pivotal role in their children's social and emotional competence by coaching, teaching, and nurturing developing skills (e.g., Parke, MacDonald, Beitel, & Bhavnagri, 1988).…”

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Mediators of the Relation Between Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Child Internalizing and Disruptive Behavior Disorders.

McCarty

McMahon

2003

Journal of Family Psychology

114

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Drawing on a normative sample of 224 youth and their biological mothers, this study tested 4 family variables as potential mediators of the relationship between maternal depressive symptoms in early childhood and child psychological outcomes in preadolescence. The mediators examined included mother-child communication, the quality of the mother-child relationship, maternal social support, and stressful life events in the family. The most parsimonious structural equation model suggested that having a more problematic mother-child relationship mediated disruptive behavior-disordered outcomes for youths, whereas less maternal social support mediated the development of internalizing disorders. Gender and race were tested as moderators, but significant model differences did not emerge between boys and girls or between African American and Caucasian youths.During the school-age years, children of depressed parents, 1 as compared with children of parents without a psychiatric history, have been found to have a range of negative outcomes spanning psychiatric, social, and health domains. Such outcomes include higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms (Billings & Moos, 1983), more psychiatric disorder Weissman et al., 1987), poorer physical health, and greater deficits in academic, intellectual, and social and emotional competence (C. A. Anderson & Hammen, 1993;Goodman, Brogan, Lynch, & Fielding, 1993;Kaplan, Beardslee, & Keller, 1987;Weissman et al., 1987). Some researchers have found parental depression to be more important than such family risk factors as parent-child discord, low family cohesion, and poor marital adjustment in predicting later child psychopathology (Fendrich, Warner, & Weissman, 1 Although there is some research examining the children of depressed fathers (or depressed parents), (the vast majority of studies of effects of parental depression on children have focused on the influence of maternal depression. It has been suggested that mothers are more involved than fathers in the intergenerational transmission of depression (Hops, 1996). Also, throughout the article the term depressed is used to refer to parents with clinical depression (major depressive disorder or dysthymic disorder), whereas parents with depressive symptoms is used in reference to parents with elevated levels of self-reported symptoms who do not necessarily meet diagnostic criteria for depression. 1990). Overall, having a depressed parent appears to increase a child's general risk for psychopathology and specific risk for depression Beardslee, Versage, & Gladstone, 1998;Downey & Coyne, 1990), although many children from at-risk environments, including those with depressed parents, do not develop adjustment problems. Risk of adjustment problems for children of parents with subclinical depressive symptoms appears to be somewhat tempered in comparison with risk for children of clinically depressed parents (Forehand, McCombs, & Brody, 1987) but is still elevated compared with children of nonsymptomatic parent...

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“…Surprisingly, and despite the ongoing interest in the role of stressful events in depression, there is a scarcity of research with clinical samples of diagnosed depressed youth. We identified only four studies of depressed pediatric samples that compared clinical cases with normal controls (Goodyer et al, 1988;Horesh et al, 2003;, and two studies that compared depressed youths and youths with other psychiatric diagnoses (Benfield et al, 1988;Berney et al, 1991). However, these studies have included small samples, which constrain both the interpretation and generalizability of the findings.…”

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The Characteristics of Childhood Onset Depression According to Depressive Symptoms, Comorbidities and Quality of Life

Baji¹

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III. Vetró, Á., Baji, I., Benák, I., Besnyő, M., Csorba, J., Daróczy, G., Dombovári, E.,Kiss, E., Gádoros, J., Kaczvinszky, E., Kapornai, K., Mayer, L., Rimay, T., Skultéty,D., Szabó, K., Tamás, Zs., Székely, J., Kovács, M.. (2009) "Risk factors in childhood onset depression" research design, implementation, proceeding: history of 13 years: experience in grant preparation, writing organization in relation to an American NIMH Grant. Psychiatria Hungarica, 24(1), 6-14.IV. Kiss, E., Kapornai, K., Tamás, Zs., Baji, I., Rimay, T., Mayer, L., Gádoros, J., Barr,C., Stressful life events affect quality of life adversely, and it is worsened by depression. Methodes:We examined the above hypothesis in three samples. Participants were children (ages 7-14) with MDD, and community control kids from elementary schools.Diagnoses (via DSM-IV criteria) and onset dates of disorders were finalized "best estimate" psychiatrists, and based on multiple information sources. The depressive symptoms and effects of comorbidities were examined in depressive sample, and the quality of life was examined in the community sample. Results: Six symptoms increased with age, namely: depressed mood, hypersomnia, psychomotor retardation, fatigue, thoughts of death, and suicidal ideation. Only psychomotor agitation was more frequent in younger children. Anhedonia, insomnia, hypersomnia, and somatic complaints were more frequent among girls, and psychomotor agitation was more frequent among boys.Depressed mood, sleeping problems, psychomotor retardation, suicidal symptoms are significantly more frequent in anxiety group. Irritability and psychomotor agitation is significantly more frequent in the disruptive group. Worthlessness is the most frequent in the disruptive group, and in this group it is the third most frequent symptom. The clinical depression influences the quality of life the most strongly, and the higher depression score goes together with a lower quality of life. Stressful life events influence the quality 6 of life directly and through the depressive symptoms indirectly. Conclusions there are some developmental and gender differences in depressive symptom presentation.Irritability is the most frequent criterion symptom. We also observed stable and elevated rates of irritability, which were concurrent with stable and low rates of anhedonia across all age groups. Somatic complaints should be considered an associated feature of the symptom profile of MDD in pediatric populations. Depressive symptoms are reported to have more negative effects on the quality of life than do stressful life events. 7

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Maternal Adversity and Recent Stressful Life Events in Anxious and Depressed Children

Cited by 64 publications

References 12 publications

Severe Life Events and Chronic Adversities as Antecedents to Anxiety in Children: A Matched Control Study

Severe Life Events and Chronic Adversities as Antecedents to Anxiety in Children: A Matched Control Study

Mediators of the Relation Between Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Child Internalizing and Disruptive Behavior Disorders.

The Characteristics of Childhood Onset Depression According to Depressive Symptoms, Comorbidities and Quality of Life

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