Maternal and fetal blood levels of S100 and ischaemia modified albumin in term intrauterine growth restricted fetuses with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler values

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether levels of fetal hypoxia markers, S100 and ischaemia modified albumin (IMA) change in cases of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). This case-control study included 15 intrauterine growth restricted fetuses and 20 age-matched controls. During delivery of the fetuses, cord blood and maternal blood S100 and IMA levels were studied. The fetal weight and umbilical cord pH values of IUGR fetuses were significantly lower than the control group. The mean maternal and umbilical cord blood values of S100 and IMA were similar in the two groups. IMA levels in cord blood of the IUGR group were significantly higher than maternal levels, whereas umbilical and maternal levels of IMA did not differ among control cases. In cases without brain sparing effect in Doppler ultrasonography, umbilical cord S100 and IMA levels do not change significantly in IUGR when compared with appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) fetuses.

Protein S100β in Late-Pregnancy Fetuses with Low Birth Weight and Abnormal Cerebroplacental Ratio

“…A limitation of this study is the low number of cases, although it compares favorably with the two earlier studies performed in fetuses at the end of pregnancy, in which only 60 and 35 fetuses were examined [29,30] . In addition, although the existence of negative results might be a priori judged as a limitation, it conversely makes clear that growth disorders at the end of pregnancy do not cause tissue destruction, leading to the search of more subtle markers of neurocognitive impairment like miRNA.…”

“…However, these studies included preterm FGR or fetuses with severe intrapartum hypoxia and the evidence was not the same when this relationship was evaluated at the end of pregnancy [29,30] . Interestingly, the lack of differences was not exclusive of protein S100β, but also included other markers of neuronal damage like the ischemia-modified albumin, the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and the C-reactive protein.…”

Blood Biomarkers in the Fetally Growth Restricted and Small for Gestational Age Neonate: Associations with Brain Injury

“…Other vasculature markers may also indicate disruption to the BBB with a number of studies considering such markers as potential markers of the FGR phenotypical white matter and neuronal disruption [27,29,51,58,66]. Specifically, increased levels of Troponin T have been reported in FGR umbilical cord blood at birth [58].…”

“…A further limitation is the relatively small cohort size in some studies (online suppl. Table 1) [29,39,41,42,51,53,56,58]. Without adequate power in such a heterogeneous population, it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions from reported results.…”

“…Seven studies have examined S100B as a biomarker of FGR and SGA with conflicting findings. Four studies examining S100B levels in maternal blood samples found no differences; however, one study observed significant increases (see Table 3; [29, 51‒54]). Three studies found no differences in S100B levels in cord blood samples [29, 51, 52]; however, two studies observed increases in S100B levels in cord blood in small for date (SFD) neonates (using the definition from Campbell and Thoms [55] and postnatal confirmation of a birth weight <10th centile) with abnormal fetal Doppler findings [56] and SGA neonates [57].…”