Maternal Enterovirus Infection during Pregnancy as a Risk Factor in Offspring Diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes between 15 and 30 Years of Age

Abstract

Maternal enterovirus infections during pregnancy may increase the risk of offspring developing type 1 diabetes during childhood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether gestational enterovirus infections increase the offspring's risk of type 1 diabetes later in life. Serum samples from 30 mothers without diabetes whose offspring developed type 1 diabetes between 15 and 25 years of age were analyzed for enterovirus-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies and enterovirus genome (RNA), and compared to a control group. Among the index mothers, 9/30 (30%) were enterovirus IgM-positive, and none was positive for enterovirus RNA. In the control group, 14/90 (16%) were enterovirus IgM-positive, and 4/90 (4%) were positive for enterovirus RNA (n.s.). Boys of enterovirus IgM-positive mothers had approximately 5 times greater risk of developing diabetes (OR 4.63; 95% CI 1.22–17.6), as compared to boys of IgM-negative mothers (P < .025). These results suggest that gestational enterovirus infections may be related to the risk of offspring developing type 1 diabetes in adolescence and young adulthood.

Lipid Raft- and Src Family Kinase-Dependent Entry of Coxsackievirus B into Human Placental Trophoblasts

“…Enteroviruses have evolved mechanisms to subvert the placental protective barrier, as incidences of fetal disease and death have been reported (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). Here we utilized the BeWo trophoblast cell line as a model of placental trophoblasts to delineate the key cellular components that facilitate CVB entry into the trophoblast monolayer.…”

“…Maternal CVB infection and consequential fetal transmission have been associated with severe pathological outcomes, including congenital skin lesions (15), the development of type I diabetes (16,17) and thyroiditis (18) later in life, hydrops fetalis (19), fetal myocarditis (20)(21)(22), meningoencephalitis (23), neurodevelopmental delays (24), fetal sepsis (25), miscarriage (26), and stillbirth (27,28). Currently, testing for enterovirus infections during pregnancy is not routine, and thus there is a lack of data regarding their prevalence.…”

Gebelikte El-Ayak-Ağız Hastalığı: Olgu Sunumu

“…Aynı zamanda bir çalışmada da gestasyonel enterovirus enfeksiyonlarin bebekte adolesan çağda ve genç yetişkinlik çağında Tip 1 Diyabet hastalığının sebebi olabileceğinden bahsedilmektedir. 5 El-ayak-ağız hastalığı deri ve mukozada veziküler tutulum ile kendini gösterir. Boğaz ağrısı ile başlayabilir.…”

Genetic Testing of Newborns for Type 1 Diabetes Susceptibility – The MIDIA Study

“…In particular, Coxsackievirus (a member of human enterovirus B) is suspected of having a role in the development of autoimmunity (reviewed in Graves et al, 2003). In addition, enteroviruses have been shown to be more present in the sera (Elfving et al, 2008;Oikarinen et al, 2008), small intestine (Richardson et al, 2009) and pancreatic islets (Harvala & Simmonds, 2009) of recently diagnosed T1D patients (Clements et al, 1995;Andreoletti et al, 1997). A recent study by our group suggest that there is less enterovirus infections among children with high genetic risk for T1D compared with control children, although the difference is not statistically significant due to the low number of children presently tested .…”