The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the selected factors (age, education, parity, child planning, skin-toskin contact (SSC) support, breastfeeding, partner support satisfaction, a child with an illness, risk of depression) and their influence on postpartum mother-infant bonding (MIB) in Slovak women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was used. To collect the relevant data, the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) were used. The questionnaires were supplemented by research variables essential for the evaluation of the links between these items and the MIB. The study sample consisted of 204 women (mean age 30.9 ± 4.8 years) who were 6 weeks after childbirth. The received data were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Wilcoxon two-sample test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the Regression modelling. Results: A lower quality mother-infant relationship was demonstrated in mothers with higher education, with unsupported postpartum SSC, dissatisfied with partner support, as well as in mothers at risk of depression. According to the regression model, a statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between the PBQ score and the EPDS score (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Identification of MIB risk factors with an emphasis on screening for the mother's mental state is considered to be a key factor in designing early interventions to improve the quality of pregnancy, motherhood and childhood.