Maternal mortality in the past and its relevance to developing countries today

Loudon, Irvine

doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.1.241s

Cited by 177 publications

(153 citation statements)

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“…Sharp decline in maternal mortality rates after 1930s in developed country were due to standard of maternal care provided by skilled birth attendants [5,6] Evaluation of safe motherhood initiative program in 1997 also concluded that a skilled attendant to assist childbirth is the single most critical…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Awareness and Health Care Practice of Mothers’ About Obstetric Danger Signs at Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia

Yadeta¹

2017

JFMHC

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Abstract:Mother's awareness of potential obstetric danger signs during pregnancy, child birth and immediate post-delivery are crucial to influence their decisions to seek immediate health care. However, their awareness and health care practice were not well known in Haramaya district. Thus, this study was to assess mother's awareness of obstetric danger signs and their health care seeking practice. Community based cross sectional study was conducted in June, 2012 on 757 mothers who gave birth for the last two years and reside in Haramaya District. Sample size was estimated by using a single population proportions formula. Multistage sampling method was used to select study subjects. Data was collected by interview using structured questionnaires. Bivariate and multivariate were used to analyze predictors. Results: Only 86 (11.3%) of respondents mentioned three and above key obstetric danger signs during pregnancy. About half of 402(53%) of respondents did not aware for at least one obstetric danger signs. 234 (31%) respondents were reported to have experienced one or more key danger signs but 31.2% of them did not sought for medical treatment. Mothers who followed primary education 2.7 times [AOR 2.7; 95% CI 1.5-7.2], and secondary and above education 2.4 times [AOR 2.4; 95% CI 1.3-5.4] more likely to have awareness on obstetric danger signs during pregnancy as compared to those didn't attained formal education. Mothers who attended antenatal care were 4.28 times [AOR 4.28; 95% CI 2.01-9.12] more likely of having awareness on obstetric danger sign than mother who did not attended ANC. Similarly, the odds of giving birth at health institutions increased the level of awareness about obstetric danger signs about three fold [AOR 3.23;] than those who giving birth at home. Conclusion: Awareness of mothers on obstetric danger signs in the study area and health seeking practice were low. Thus, community education and information during antenatal Care utilization, institutional delivery services and postnatal care about obstetric danger signs and its consequence if the mother will not seeking care are important steps in improving the awareness and health seeking practice.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Awareness and Health Care Practice of Mothers’ About Obstetric Danger Signs at Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia

Yadeta¹

2017

JFMHC

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“…In general, developing countries perform better in human development than in income per head terms -although not to the extent suggested by the conventional UNHDI (Crafts, 2002 and has still to be achieved in Africa. This is the result of the public provision of health (McKeown et al, 1975;McKinley and McKinley, 1977;Loudon, 2000;Cutler and Miller, 2005) and education that increased more than proportionally to income per head. Trends in human development result from those exhibited by each of its dimensions.…”

Section: Introducing the 'Improved' Index Of Human Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, in 2005, real per capita GDP in Latin America, Asia and Africa were similar to that of OECD by the early 1950s, 1920 and mid-19th century, respectively, whereas OECD income per head in 1913 was not reached in Latin America until the late 1960s, up to 2000 in Asia, and has still to be achieved in Africa. This is the result of the public provision of health (McKeown et al, 1975; McKinley and McKinley, 1977;Loudon, 2000;Cutler and Miller, 2005) and education that increased more than proportionally to income per head. Trends in human development result from those exhibited by each of its dimensions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Improving Human Development: A Long‐Run View

Escosura¹

2011

Economics and History

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Abstract. The pessimistic flavour of the Human Development Reports appears to be in contradiction with their own numbers as developing countries fare comparatively better in human development than in per capita GDP terms. This paper attempts to bridge this gap by providing a new, 'improved' human development index (IHDI), informed by welfare economics. The IHDI is presented here alongside the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) HDI for the world and its main regions since the late 19th century. Social dimensions in the IHDI are derived, following Kakwani (Journal of Development Economics 41 (1993), pp. 307-336), with a convex achievement function, whereas a geometric average is employed to combine its dimensions (longevity, knowledge and income). Thus, the IHDI does not conceal the gap between rich and poor countries and casts a much less optimistic view than the conventional UNDP index, while it fits with the UNDP concern for international differences. The paper's findings highlight main weaknesses in human development dimensions of present-day developing countries.Keywords. Education; Human development; Life expectancy; Per capita GDPs Readers of the Human Development Report (HDR), published periodically by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), tend to have mixed feelings. The pessimistic rhetoric of the HDR seems to be contradicted by its own numbers. In fact, when weighed up in human development terms, developing countries tend to fare better relative to advanced countries than in per capita income terms. It is the purpose of this essay to bridge the gap between the empirical evidence on human development and the HDR rhetoric by providing a new, 'improved' index (IHDI, hereafter), informed by welfare economics. 1 The IHDI is presented here along the UNDP's HDI (UNHDI, henceforth) for the world and its main regions over the period 1870-2005. What defines the new human development index? In the first place, its social, non-income dimensions are derived using a convex achievement function as an alternative to the linear transformation employed in the UNHDI. Thus, in the new index, as a social indicator reaches higher levels, its increases represent higher achievements than if the same increase would take place at a lower level, whereas in the UNDP linear transformation the same change results regardless of the starting level. Second, in an attempt to reduce substitutability among the index components, 1 ESCOSURA its three dimensions (longevity, access to knowledge and average incomes) are combined into the new IHDI using a geometric average, rather than the arithmetic average used in the UNHDI. The final outcome is a new human development index which, by not concealing the gap between rich and poor countries, casts a much less optimistic view than the one provided by conventional UNDP index while satisfying the HDR concern for international differences.The paper is organized in four sections. Section 1 assesses the UNHDI and exposes its main shortcomings. In an attempt to provide a resp...

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“…Research shows that those declines were attributable to the quality of care from midwives for home birth deliveries. Where deliveries were by physicians in hospitals, often using chloroform and forceps in otherwise uncomplicated births, maternal mortality was much higher (Loudon 2000). So high maternal mortality was less about knowledge per se but about whose knowledge counted, and that is about power structures within the health system.…”

Section: The Nature Of the Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Power, Politics, and Political Entrepreneurs: Realising Universal Free Basic Education in Indonesia

2011

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About IDSThe Institute of Development Studies is one of the world's leading charities for research, teaching and communications on international development. Founded in 1966, the Institute enjoys an international reputation based on the quality of its work and the rigour with which it applies academic skills to real world challenges. Its purpose is to understand and explain the world, and to try to change it -to influence as well as to inform.IDS hosts five dynamic research programmes, five popular postgraduate courses, and a family of world-class web-based knowledge services. These three spheres are integrated in a unique combination -as a development knowledge hub, IDS is connected into and is a convenor of networks throughout the world.The Institute is home to approximately 80 researchers, 50 knowledge services staff, 50 support staff and about 150 students at any one time. But the IDS community extends far beyond, encompassing an extensive network of partners, former staff and students across the development community worldwide. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for teaching or non-profit purposes, but not for resale. Formal permission is required for all such uses, but normally will be granted immediately. For copying in any other circumstances, or for re-use in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publisher and a fee may be payable. SummaryAid budgets face immense pressure -despite overseas aid being critical for poverty alleviation in developing countries and the explicit commitments of the world's industrialised countries to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Public support for international development and aid will play a key role. Will the public become unsure about the UK's aid budget when they begin to feel cuts in government expenditure at home? How well equipped are we to 'sell' the UK's aid programme to a sceptical public in times of economic austerity? This working paper presents the results of a qualitative enquiry into public perceptions of international development and aid in the UK. Using data from the Mass Observation Project (MOP) at the University of Sussex, the authors investigate the views of 185 members of the general public.The study finds that, while people can conjure up ideas of why poverty exists, they know very little about the confluence of factors that actually drive poverty and/or the daily lives of the poor. Thus, poverty is seen as caused primarily by bad governments and natural disasters, almost as a stereotype. People have major doubts about the effectiveness of aid, perhaps reflecting the fact that they tend to be much better at picturing aid 'failure' than aid 'success'. Nonetheless, there is support for aid in principle; people think that the UK has a responsibility to help the poor in developing countries, primarily on ethical grounds. This research has clear implications for the way in which the UK communicates with the British public about aid and de...

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Maternal mortality in the past and its relevance to developing countries today

Cited by 177 publications

References 8 publications

Awareness and Health Care Practice of Mothers’ About Obstetric Danger Signs at Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia

Awareness and Health Care Practice of Mothers’ About Obstetric Danger Signs at Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia

Improving Human Development: A Long‐Run View

Power, Politics, and Political Entrepreneurs: Realising Universal Free Basic Education in Indonesia

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