Maternal smoking decreases antioxidative status of human breast milk

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the influence of maternal smoking on antioxidative capacity and intensity of oxidative damage in breast milk.Study Design: The study group (n ¼ 30) was comprised of postpartum women who declared smoking more than five cigarettes per day during pregnancy and lactation (confirmed by the urinalysis of cotinine concentration), and their newborns. Control group included 29 nonsmoking postpartum women and their newborns. Colostrum samples were collected on the 3rd day after delivery and breast milk samples between the 30th and the 32nd day after delivery. Morning maternal and neonatal urine samples were obtained on the day of the mature milk sampling. Isoprostane concentrations in colostrum/mature milk and urine were determined immunoenzymatically. Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) of colostrum/breast milk was determined by Rice-Evans and Miller method.Result: Colostrum TAS in smokers was significantly lower than in nonsmokers (P ¼ 0.006). In both groups, the TAS of mature milk was higher compared with colostrum, but significant differences were observed amongst smokers only (P ¼ 0.001). In smokers the isoprostane concentration of mature milk was significantly higher than the colostrum concentration (P ¼ 0.001). Significant inverse correlation between maternal urinary isoprostane concentration and the TAS of mature breast milk was observed in smokers (R ¼ À0.525, P ¼ 0.023), but not in non-smokers (R ¼ 0.161, P ¼ 0.422).Conclusion: This study revealed that maternal smoking triggers harmful effects on an infant by impairing pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance of breast milk.

Oxidative stress, mitochondrial perturbations and fetal programming of renal disease induced by maternal smoking

“…MnSOD protein content and activity mirrored the OXPHOS protein content changes with a significant MnSOD reduction demonstrated at day 1 and week 13 and equally no significant change at weaning age. We propose that the deleterious effects on mitochondria observed at birth and in adulthood may be mitigated at weaning due to the antioxidants in the breast milk (Ermis et al, 2005, Zagierski et al, 2012. Further studies to investigate this hypothesis are needed.…”

Modificaciones en el nivel de anión superóxido en leche materna, según la ingesta de flavonoides y carotenoides

“…6,22 Dado el potencial redox de flavonoides y carotenoides y su presencia en la leche humana, se procedió a relacionar su ingesta con el nivel lácteo de anión superóxido, ya que existe evidencia variable acerca de la capacidad redox de la leche debido al uso de diferentes indicadores y condiciones. 2,24 En este trabajo se utilizó el anión superóxido como marcador de oxidación por ser precursor de otras especies reactivas oxidantes, y por su capacidad de responder a factores ambientales y nutricionales. 4,9,11 Existen datos preclínicos que sugieren actividad antioxidante de los carotenoides no provitamínicos, 25 pero la evidencia en seres humanos no es concluyente.…”

Breastfeeding: Antioxidative properties of breast milk

“…Other studies have focused on the effect of lifestyle of the mother on the antioxidant status of her milk. The scarce results published suggest that supplementation with nonalcoholic beer (Codoner-Franch et al, 2013) or symbiotics (Nikniaz et al, 2013) may be beneficial, while smoking appears as clearly detrimental (Zagierski et al, 2012).…”

“…Deactivation and scavenging of ROS is critical, since these products are implicated in the processes of chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis (Zagierski et al, 2012), and in disease states such as insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and aging (Alfadda and Sallam, 2012;Halliwell, 2012).…”