Abstract:Birth is an event that exposes the newborn baby to a high concentration of free radicals (reactive oxygen species (ROS) / reactive nitrogen species (RNS)), which can contribute to several diseases. The balanced equilibrium between ROS / RNS and the antioxidant system of the newborn is a key factor in preventing a plethora of diseases. The antioxidant system involves endogenous and exogenous molecules, from vitamins (A, E, C), to enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase), metals (copper (Cu), zinc … Show more
“…Studies on three continents found that when children were not breastfed in the second year, their risk of dying from infectious disease was almost twice that of breastfed infants 14 . Thus, breast milk contributes to health as a source of endogenous and exogenous molecules from vitamins (A, E, and C), minerals (Cu, Zn, and Se), endogenous enzymes (SOD and CAT), iodine 32 , bioactive factors such as immunoglobulins (IgA/sIgA, IgG, and IgM), cytokines (IL-6, IL-7, and IFN- γ), growth factors (EGF and BNDF), hormones and metabolic factors (calcitonin, lactoferrin, adiponectin, and leptin). Together, these factors recruit immunological cells, protect against infections, enhance intestinal and neuronal development and stimulate the antiviral and anti-inflammatory systems 33 , 34 .…”
OBJECTIVE:The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of the redox state via malondialdehyde (MDA) as a lipid peroxidation biomarker and hydrophilic antioxidant capacity (HAC) with dietary, anthropometric, demographic, socio-economic and clinical variables as well as the serum concentrations of vitamins in children aged 20-36 months. This cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2013 to May 2014 and included a total of 100 children.METHODS:The variables studied included anthropometric measurements, dietary intake by the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), socio-demographic features, clinical attributes, serum redox status, and serum vitamin concentrations.RESULTS:Children with a family income above the minimum wage and adequate body mass index (BMI) presented higher HAC. The MDA concentration was higher in children older than 24 months. Breastfeeding for up to 120 days provided greater antioxidant capacity. Children classified in the 2nd tertile for “fruit and vegetables” and “milk and dairy products” consumption showed lower levels of MDA. There was a positive correlation of MDA with serum vitamin A levels. These results show that among children in the 20-36 months age group, family income, breastfeeding, BMI and intake of fruits and vegetables can have an influence on the imbalance of the redox state.CONCLUSION:One strategy to prevent the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants could be for health professionals to raise awareness among families, as such knowledge could repress/prevent the progression/initiation of several diseases in adult life.
“…Studies on three continents found that when children were not breastfed in the second year, their risk of dying from infectious disease was almost twice that of breastfed infants 14 . Thus, breast milk contributes to health as a source of endogenous and exogenous molecules from vitamins (A, E, and C), minerals (Cu, Zn, and Se), endogenous enzymes (SOD and CAT), iodine 32 , bioactive factors such as immunoglobulins (IgA/sIgA, IgG, and IgM), cytokines (IL-6, IL-7, and IFN- γ), growth factors (EGF and BNDF), hormones and metabolic factors (calcitonin, lactoferrin, adiponectin, and leptin). Together, these factors recruit immunological cells, protect against infections, enhance intestinal and neuronal development and stimulate the antiviral and anti-inflammatory systems 33 , 34 .…”
OBJECTIVE:The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of the redox state via malondialdehyde (MDA) as a lipid peroxidation biomarker and hydrophilic antioxidant capacity (HAC) with dietary, anthropometric, demographic, socio-economic and clinical variables as well as the serum concentrations of vitamins in children aged 20-36 months. This cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2013 to May 2014 and included a total of 100 children.METHODS:The variables studied included anthropometric measurements, dietary intake by the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), socio-demographic features, clinical attributes, serum redox status, and serum vitamin concentrations.RESULTS:Children with a family income above the minimum wage and adequate body mass index (BMI) presented higher HAC. The MDA concentration was higher in children older than 24 months. Breastfeeding for up to 120 days provided greater antioxidant capacity. Children classified in the 2nd tertile for “fruit and vegetables” and “milk and dairy products” consumption showed lower levels of MDA. There was a positive correlation of MDA with serum vitamin A levels. These results show that among children in the 20-36 months age group, family income, breastfeeding, BMI and intake of fruits and vegetables can have an influence on the imbalance of the redox state.CONCLUSION:One strategy to prevent the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants could be for health professionals to raise awareness among families, as such knowledge could repress/prevent the progression/initiation of several diseases in adult life.
“…Additionally, milk has antioxidant properties. However, the composition of human milk is affected also by such external factors as mother’s diet, lifestyle, and potential environmental pollutants (Andreas et al 2015 ; Emmett and Rogers 1997 ; Gomez-Gallego et al 2016 ; Mandal et al 2014 ; Matos et al 2015 ). Fig.…”
Breastfeeding is a gold standard of neonate nutrition because human milk contains a lot of essential compounds crucial for proper development of a child. However, milk is also a biofluid which can contain environmental pollution, which can have effects on immune system and consequently on the various body organs. Polychlorinated biphenyls are organic pollutants which have been detected in human milk. They have lipophilic properties, so they can penetrate to fatty milk and ultimately to neonate digestive track. Another problem of interest is the presence in milk of heavy metals—arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury—as these compounds can lead to disorders in production of cytokines, which are important immunomodulators. The toxicants cause stimulation or suppression of this compounds. This can lead to health problems in children as allergy, disorders in the endocrine system, end even neurodevelopment delay and disorder. Consequently, correlations between pollutants and bioactive components in milk should be investigated. This article provides an overview of environmental pollutants found in human milk as well as of the consequences of cytokine disorder correlated with presence of heavy metals.
Graphical abstract
“…O ovo representa uma importante fonte nutricional, por apresentar grande quantidade de aminoácidos essenciais, vitaminas e minerais, além de possuir fácil digestão e absorção. Sua importância destaca-se ainda pela ampla disponibilidade para todas as classes sociais no Brasil, uma vez que é um alimento de fácil aquisição por sua comercialização ser de baixo custo, contribuindo assim, para melhorar os aspectos nutricionais da dieta alimentar das famílias de baixa renda (FIUZA, 2014;RIBEIRO et al, 2015).…”
Section: Introductionunclassified
“…Dessa forma recomenda-se a suplementação para lactantes, visando melhorar o teor de vitaminas no leite(MORROW, 2019).O leite materno contém as vitaminas A, C, D, E, K e complexo B; responsáveis por funções como, crescimento, formação óssea, formação do sistema imunológico, desenvolvimento das funções neurológicas, entre outras. O leite humano é considerado fonte de vitaminas e suas concentrações diminuem ao longo da lactação, enquanto suas propriedades antioxidantes totais aumentam(MATOS et al, 2015).Em geral,Erick (2018) relata que a composição do leite materno é insuficiente, em relação a certos nutrientes, em países em desenvolvimento, como por exemplo, as vitaminas A, D, K, B12, B1. Ao apresentar deficiências nutricionais, em países com poucos recursos, a mesma deficiência será levada adiante via lactação.…”
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