Maternal supplementation with CLA decreases milk fat in humans

Masters, Nicole; McGuire, Mark A.; Beerman, Kathy A.; Dasgupta, Nairanjana; McGuire, Michelle K.

doi:10.1007/s11745-002-0872-8

Cited by 76 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The t10,c12 CLA isomer is at most a minor dietary component and was essentially absent from plasma PC and CE at baseline. The fractional concentrations of both CLA isomers at baseline in PC and CE were comparable to those reported previously for total plasma lipids (22,26,28,30) and for plasma PC (22), but c9,t11 CLA concentration at baseline in the CE fraction was ‫-3ف‬fold greater than that reported previously (22).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…All studies in humans reported to date have used mixtures of CLA isomers typically containing predominantly c9,t11 CLA and t10,c12 CLA in different ratios together with smaller amounts of other isomers. These range from relatively pure preparations containing c9,t11 CLA and t10,c12 CLA in ratios of 50:50 or 80:20 (22,(25)(26)(27)(28) to complex mixtures (23,29,30). Thus, the dose of individual isomers may be relatively low despite high intakes of total CLA compared with the basal diet.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Incorporation of cis-9,trans-11 or trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid into plasma and cellular lipids in healthy men

Burdge

Lupoli

Russell

et al. 2004

Journal of Lipid Research

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Incorporation of cis -9, trans -11 or trans -10, cis -12 conjugated linoleic acid into plasma and cellular lipids in healthy men Abstract This study investigated the incorporation of cis -9, trans -11 conjugated linoleic acid (c9,t11 CLA) and trans -10, cis -12-CLA (t10,c12 CLA) into plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) lipids when consumed as supplements highly enriched in these isomers. Healthy men (n ‫؍‬ 49, age 31 ؎ 8 years) consumed one, two, and four capsules containing ‫ف‬ 600 mg of either c9,t11 CLA or t10,c12 CLA per capsule for sequential 8 week periods followed by a 6 week washout before consuming the alternative isomer. Both isomers were incorporated in a dosedependent manner into plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) (c9,t11 CLA r ‫؍‬ 0.779, t10,c12 CLA r ‫؍‬ 0.738; P Ͻ 0.0001) and cholesteryl ester (CE) (c9,t11 CLA r ‫؍‬ 0.706, t10,c12 CLA r ‫؍‬ 0.788; P Ͻ 0.0001). Only t10,c12 CLA was enriched in plasma nonesterified fatty acids. Both c9,t11 CLA and t10,c12 CLA were incorporated linearly into PBMC total lipids ( r ‫؍‬ 0.285 and r ‫؍‬ 0.273, respectively; P Ͻ 0.0005). The highest concentrations of c9,t11 CLA and t10,c12 CLA in PBMC lipids were 3-to 4-fold lower than those in plasma PC and CE. These data suggest that the level of intake is a major determinant of plasma and PBMC CLA content, although PBMCs appear to incorporate both CLA isomers less readily. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for 18 carbon fatty acids that differ in the geometry and position of two conjugated double bonds. CLA occurs naturally in meat and dairy products, which are the principal sources of these fatty acids in the human diet (1). Cis -9, trans -11 (c9,t11) is the major CLA isomer in dairy products, with lesser amounts of t7,c9 Ͼ c11,t13 Ͼ c8,t10 Ͼ t10,c12 (1).A number of animal studies, primarily in rodents, show that increased consumption of CLA results in effects that may be potentially beneficial to human health (2), including antitumorigenic activity (3), decreased atherogenesis (4-6), decreased adiposity and increased lean body mass (7-9), and normalized glucose tolerance and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration in Zucker rats (10). The effects of CLA on body composition have been attributed specifically to the activity of t10,c12 CLA (11, 12). Consumption of CLA in rodents also increased lymphocyte proliferation (13-16) and altered cytokine secretion (13)(14)(15).In contrast to studies in animal models, there is marked variation among reports on the effects of increased CLA consumption on body composition (16-21) and immune function (22-24) in humans. All studies in humans reported to date have used mixtures of CLA isomers typically containing predominantly c9,t11 CLA and t10,c12 CLA in different ratios together with smaller amounts of other isomers. These range from relatively pure preparations containing c9,t11 CLA and t10,c12 CLA in ratios of 50:50 or 80:20 (22, 25-28) to complex mixtures (23,29,30). Thus, the dose of individual isomers may be relatively low despite high in...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Incorporation of cis-9,trans-11 or trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid into plasma and cellular lipids in healthy men

Burdge

Lupoli

Russell

et al. 2004

Journal of Lipid Research

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“…Milk fat content was also significantly lower during CLA supplementation in breastfeeding women. Therefore it should not be consumed during lactation (Masters et al 2002).…”

Section: Cla and Lipidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological effects of conjugated linoleic acids supplementation

Oleszczuk¹,

Oleszczuk²,

Siwicki³

et al. 2012

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are a group of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with a single pair of conjugated double bonds. The major natural CLA isomer is 18:2 cis-9, trans-11 (c9, t11) linoleic acid, or rumenic acid (RA). Chemically synthesized CLA is also available, mostly as a mixture of RA and 18:2 trans-10, cis-12 (t10, c12) isomers in equal amounts (50:50). Consumption of ruminant meat (beef and lamb) and dairy products (milk and cheese) is the main source of dietary exposure to CLA. Despite numerous studies on animal and human models (tumorigenesis, obesity, immune response) it has not been established whether additional supplementation of CLA is of benefit. Moreover, some studies, conducted both in animals and in humans, reveal that CLA isomers may induce insulin resistance. Presently, balanced diet rich in CLA from natural sources is recommended. The purpose of this review was to sum up the results available in the literature.

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“…In fact, the National Research Council in 1996 stated that CLA (or forms, thereof) is the only fatty acid shown unequivocally to inhibit carcinogenesis in experimental animals [6]. In addition to having anticarcinogenic properties, investigators using mixed isomers of CLA have reported antiatherosclerotic properties, effects on glucose tolerance, alterations in growth or body composition, and milk fat depression [7][8][9][10][11][12]. Some studies also suggest adverse effects of CLA on health such as those relating to decreasing HDL cholesterol, Lp(a), and endothelial function [13][14][15].…”

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confidence: 99%

Supplemental Conjugated Linoleic Acid Consumption Does Not Influence Milk Macronutrient Contents in all Healthy Lactating Women

Mosley

Shahin

Williams

et al. 2007

Lipids

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The term "conjugated linoleic acid" (CLA) refers to a group of positional and geometric isomers that are derived from linoleic acid and are found primarily in meat and milk products from ruminant animals. Due to the array of putative benefits associated with various forms of CLA, there has been recent interest in supplementing human diets with these fatty acids especially when weight loss is desired. However, in many animal models, CLA has been shown to decrease milk fat production. There is some concern, therefore, that maternal CLA supplementation during lactation might inadvertently decrease nutrient supply to the nursing infant. However, there is only limited research on the effect of CLA consumption on milk fat content in women. Based on previously published work from our laboratory, we hypothesized that CLA supplementation would reduce the milk fat percentage in lactating women in a dose-dependent manner. Breastfeeding women (n = 12) were assigned randomly to treatments of 4 g/day safflower oil (SFO), 2 g/day CLA plus 2 g/day SFO, or 4 g/day CLA in a double blind, 3 x 3 Latin square design. Conjugated linoleic acid supplements contained approximately equal amounts of cis9,trans11-18:2 and trans10,cis12-18:2; the two most common isoforms of CLA. Milk was collected by complete breast expression on the last day (day 5) of each intervention period and analyzed for macronutrient and fatty acid composition. On day 4 of each intervention period, infant milk consumption was estimated by 24 h weighing of the infant. Washout periods were 9 days in length. We observed a dose-dependent increase in the concentrations of cis9,trans11-18:2 and trans10,cis12-18:2 in the milk fat. However, we detected neither a change in overall macronutrient composition nor infant milk consumption. These data do not support those obtained from animal models or our previous human work suggesting that consumption of CLA mixtures necessarily reduces milk fat. It is possible that either (1) the interpretation of our previously published data should be reevaluated, and/or (2) there are important intra- and inter-species differences in this regard.

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Maternal supplementation with CLA decreases milk fat in humans

Cited by 76 publications

References 23 publications

Incorporation of cis-9,trans-11 or trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid into plasma and cellular lipids in healthy men

Incorporation of cis-9,trans-11 or trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid into plasma and cellular lipids in healthy men

Biological effects of conjugated linoleic acids supplementation

Supplemental Conjugated Linoleic Acid Consumption Does Not Influence Milk Macronutrient Contents in all Healthy Lactating Women

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