Mathematical Models for Cathodic Protection of an Underground Pipeline with Coating Holidays: Part 2 — Case Studies of Parallel Anode Cathodic Protection Systems

Orazem, Mark E.; Esteban, J. M.; Kennelley, K.J.; Degerstedt, R.M.

doi:10.5006/1.3280485

Cited by 45 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…A two-dimensional coated pipeline [1], shown in Figure 1, is protected by two sacriÿcial zinc anodes. The coated pipeline is buried 183 cm below the ground level, and has an outer diameter of 122 cm.…”

Section: Two-dimensional Coated Pipelinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Orazem et al [1] developed a direct boundary element model to assess the in uence of cathodic protection (CP) design parameters on the performance of a parallel-ribbon sacriÿcial anode CP system for coated pipelines. The model accounted for current and potential distributions associated with discrete holidays, which are parts of the structure which have lost their protective coating and became anodic and prone to strong localized corrosion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of coating defects in cathodically protected underground pipelines

Miltiadou

Wrobel

2003

Numerical Meth Engineering

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SUMMARYCoating defects may occur, for many di erent reasons, at some points on the surface of a cathodically protected structure. These defects behave anodically and may cause strong localized corrosion. It is possible to identify the position of coating defects by using measured values of the electrochemical potential at some points in the electrolyte or on its surface. To achieve this, an inverse BEM-based genetic algorithm is developed to identify the position of defects in cathodically protected underground pipelines. The formulation is validated through its application to practical problems involving strongly non-linear polarization curves, inÿnite electrolytes, unknown number of defects and measurement noise.

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Section: Two-dimensional Coated Pipelinementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of coating defects in cathodically protected underground pipelines

Miltiadou

Wrobel

2003

Numerical Meth Engineering

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“…Orazem et al [2,3] use a 3D BEM approach to compute the protection level of large coating defects on pipelines. Results are presented for a pipe segment of limited length (10 feet), in presence of a parallel anode system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D cathodic protection design of ship hulls

Bortels¹,

Bossche²,

Purcar³

et al. 2007

WIT Transactions on Engineering Sciences, Vol 54

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This paper presents a 3D software tool for the design and optimization of cathodic protection systems for submerged structures. It provides the corrosion engineer with a powerful tool for managing operational costs, significantly reducing expensive commissioning surveys and costly repairs, adding major value to the cathodic protection business.The software is entirely CAD integrated such that it can deal with 3D CP-configurations of arbitrary complexity with parameterisation of all geometrical dimensions. The CP model is based on the potential model describing the ohmic drop in the electrolyte (soil, water) with non-linear boundary conditions that model the electrochemical reactions at anodes and cathodes.In this paper, it is explained why the Finite Element Method is used to solve the problem. As an example the protection level of a hypothetical marine vessel using impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) systems will be investigated. In addition, the underwater electric potential (UEP) of the vessel will be calculated.

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“…Applications that deal with current density distributions for more complex 3D geometries can be found in the field of cathodic protection. [16][17][18][19][20][21] Most simulations presented in these papers are based on a BEM approach.The terminal effect of thin resistive electrodes is modeled in a few papers ͑for 2D reactor cross-sections͒, for example by Marshall and Wolf, 22 for ͑linearized͒ secondary distributions, using semianalytical techniques. Matlosz et al 23 also simulated terminal electrode effects coupled with the Laplace model for the electrolyte resistivity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Current Density Distribution Simulations for a Resistive Patterned Wafer

Purcar

Bossche

Bortels

et al. 2004

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A combined boundary element method ͑BEM͒-finite element method ͑FEM͒ numerical approach is used for the simulation of current density and layer thickness distributions in a wafer plating reactor. The current and potential distribution effects due to the electrolyte resistivity are modeled with BEM, while the transient internal resistive 'terminal' effect of the wafer is modeled using FEM. A nonlinear Butler-Volmer type overpotential relation is considered to describe cathode kinetics. The declining internal wafer resistivity that is due to the growth of the initial copper seed layer, is modeled over a number of discrete time steps. Different contacting methods ͑4 or 8 contact points, ring contact͒ are investigated, and their terminal effect time is compared. The wafer consists of a ring-shaped current thief, with adjacent photoresist area's and a central electroactive patterned zone.Modeling current density distributions in electrochemical reactors has become common practice over the last few decades. A first general class of models is based on a complete description of the multi-ion transport ͑migration, convection, and diffusion͒ and electrode reactions ͑MITRe͒. 1 These MITRe models have been solved for two-dimensional ͑2D͒ reactor cross-sections with various numerical techniques, and for different process types. In most cases however, simulations are based on models with important simplifications. Even now, papers dealing with unsimplified MITRe models are scarce. For example, Georgiadou and Alkire presented results for an etching process, based on the finite difference method ͑FDM͒, in combination with an upwind scheme for the convection. 2 Bortels et al. used finite volumes ͑with a convection upwind scheme͒ for a copper deposition process. 3 More recently, Leah et al. modeled a chlor-alkali reactor with an FDM approach. 4 A second class of ͑simplified͒ models is based on the description of ohmic drop effects in the electrolyte ͑Laplace model, primary current density distributions͒, in most cases combined with linear or nonlinear electrode polarization/current density relations ͑secondary current density distributions͒. 5 The validity and accuracy of these 'potential' models depends on the rate of stirring or electrolyte refreshment in the reactor ͑compared to the range of applied current densities͒, enabling to neglect convective diffusion mass transfer problems. Papers presenting potential model results for 2D or axisymmetrical ͑AX͒ reactor cross-sections are widespread. For example Matlosz et al. 6 studied primary and secondary current density distributions in a Hull cell. Simulated results using the boundary element method ͑BEM͒ and the finite element method ͑FEM͒ agreed well. Mehdizadeh et al. 7 used BEM to examine the influence of a coplanar auxiliary electrode ͑current thief͒ on the uniformity of the current density on a flat electrode. More recently, Subramanian and White presented a semi-analytical method for solving potential models with nonlinear electrode polarization. 8 The practical relevance of...

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Mathematical Models for Cathodic Protection of an Underground Pipeline with Coating Holidays: Part 2 — Case Studies of Parallel Anode Cathodic Protection Systems

Cited by 45 publications

References 2 publications

Identification of coating defects in cathodically protected underground pipelines

Identification of coating defects in cathodically protected underground pipelines

3D cathodic protection design of ship hulls

Three-Dimensional Current Density Distribution Simulations for a Resistive Patterned Wafer

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