“…Research on the role of language in school mathematics is complex and diverse, and it includes the learner's linguistic capabilities (e.g., Barwell, 2018), the use of language in the mathematics classroom (e.g., Rowland, 1999), and the language of mathematics itself (e.g., Pimm, 1987). In a recent review of such research, Planas et al (2018) reflected the complexity and diversity of foci and approaches by noting that language is increasingly viewed as inseparable from culture and that mathematics classrooms themselves are "configurations of discursive activity " (p. 197). These points align well with the research reported here, although our unit of analysis is not an individual's use of language, for example, but the linguistic structures that give rise to the discourses in which individual actions occur.…”