Mating systems in the Xerulaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomy cotina): Flammulina

Abstract

Recently published taxonomic circumscriptions for taxa within Flammulina encouraged mating studies to confirm or reject these names or taxa. Three categories of pairing experiments were performed: 1) self-crosses of monokaryon isolates of exemplars of various putative taxa; 2) inter-exemplar pairings among exemplar strains; and 3) pairings between exemplars and 87 unidentified strains which were grouped on this basis. Mating experiments could distinguish F. velutipes from other taxa, but not among infraspecific taxa of F. velutipes (vars. velutipes, lactea, and lupinicolaJ and monokaryons of all these taxa were partially compatible with those of F. ononidis. Likewise, isolates of F. rossica and F. elastica were partially compatible with one another but incompatible with those of other taxa. All other taxa (F. mexicana, F. stratosa, F. populicola, F. fennae) appeared to be genetically isolated. Low levels of interspecific hybridization between F. velutipes and F. populicola, and between F. velutipes and F. rossicalelastica were also noted.

Isozyme analysis of LE(BIN) Collection Flammulina strains

“…The bootstrap value supporting the separation is, however, only above 60%, probably, because of unsufficient number of characters. It should be noted that according to sexual compatibility studies of Petersen et al (1999) two of the isolates (388 and N), were compatible with F rossica/elastica but not with F velutipes. In our study both isolates were, however, nested in F velutipes group but not with F rossica/elastica.…”

“…It should be noted here that in the present study F. fennae strain of Russian origin was used. This strain is different from the well-known CBS strain (419.83), which seems to be misidentified (see discussion by Petersen et al 1999; see also review of Petersen et al <http://fp.bio.utk.edu/mycology/ Flammulina/default.html> ). Initially we differentiated F. fennae strain (882) from the other LE(BIN) Flammulina strains mainly by spore size according to Bas (1983).…”

Some characteristics of three groups in Flammulina velutipes classified by analysis of esterase isozymes

“…Investigators have described additional taxa within the genus based on morphology or mating studies (Klan and Baudisova 1992;Bas 1995;Petersen et al 1999). In Europe and North America, the genus Flammulina Karst.…”

A review on the diversity, phylogeography and population genetics ofAmanitamushrooms

“…How to definite these infraspecies-level taxa remains a challenge. For some saprophytic basidiomycetes such as Flammulina and Oudemansiella , mating compatibility test is often used (Petersen and Halling 1993; Petersen et al 1999). Unfortunately, most amanitas are EM and difficult to culture in the laboratory.…”