Matrix metalloproteinases A review of their structure and role in acute coronary syndrome

Abstract

Objective: To summarize the structure, function, and regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and to review the literature to date on their potential role in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes. Methods: A recursive strategy starting with a Medline Search for primary articles in the last decade, followed by identification of additional articles of interest among the cited literature in the primary articles, followed by identification of additional articles of interest cited in the secondary articles. Results: MMPs play a central role in many fundamental processes in human health and disease. In vitro evidence suggests that MMP activity may facilitate atherosclerosis, plaque destabilization, and platelet aggregation. Limited evidence from clinical studies supports a role of MMPs in the development of acute coronary syndromes. Conclusions: MMP activity likely contributes to the development of acute coronary syndromes and may be an important therapeutic target for future drug development.

High glucose and interferon gamma synergistically stimulate MMP-1 expression in U937 macrophages by increasing transcription factor STAT1 activity

“…Pathological studies have shown that the expression of several MMPs including MMP-1, MMP-9, MMP-2, MMP-13 and MMP-8 is significantly higher in vulnerable plaques than that in stable plaques (21). Clinical studies have consistently demonstrated that plasma levels of MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 are significantly elevated in patients with unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction (21). Furthermore, genetic studies have shown that the polymorphisms in the MMP gene promoters are highly related to the incidences of myocardial infarction (8).…”

Relationship Between Coronary Artery Remodeling and Plaque Composition in Culprit Lesions An Intravascular Ultrasound Radiofrequency Analysis

“…Lipid-rich atherosclerotic plaques contain abundant oxidized LDL, 28 accumulation of which may induce an inflammatory response leading to the production of proteolytic enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases and cysteine proteinases, by activated macrophages. These proteolytic enzymes may play an important role in the outward expansion of the coronary arterial wall, 29,30 and the active biochemical reaction may lead to plaque instability and restenosis after PCI of positive remodeling lesions. 18,19,31,32 Cholesterol crystalli- zation may also be a mechanism of plaque instability in lipid-rich positive remodeling lesions.…”

Overexpression of Human Matrix Metalloproteinase-12 Enhances the Development of Inflammatory Arthritis in Transgenic Rabbits

“…These results demonstrate that excessive MMP-12 expression exacerbates articular connective tissue and cartilage degradation and thus plays a critical role in the development of Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zincdependent endopeptidases that possess the ability to degrade all of the extracellular matrix components associated with tissue destruction, and are believed to play important roles in many physiological and pathological processes. 1,2 Among MMPs, MMP-12, also known as macrophage elastase (HME), is the predominant MMP produced by macrophages. 3,4 Accumulating evidence has shown that increased activity of MMP-12 secreted from inflammatory macrophages is associated with several destructive diseases, including atherosclerosis, 5 aortic aneurysm formation, 6 and emphysema.…”