Maximal and submaximal mouth opening with mouth gags in cats: Implications for maxillary artery blood flow

Martin‐Flores, Manuel; Scrivani, Peter V.; Loew, E.; Gleed, C.A.; Ludders, John W.

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.02.001

Cited by 42 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…It is therefore essential not to open the mouth maximally, nor to use spring-loaded mouth gags. The latter can unwillingly achieve maximal mouth opening during the procedure (Martin-Flores et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventral rhinotomy to remove a nasopharyngeal polyp that invaded the frontal sinus in a cat

Jacobs¹,

Goethem²,

Stock³

et al. 2020

VDT

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A six-year-old, male, castrated European shorthair cat was presented due to a lifelong history of sneezing, nasal discharge, open-mouth breathing, stertor and vestibular problems. Clinical examination showed absence of airflow through the nostrils. Computed tomography of the head revealed an infiltrative soft tissue attenuating mass in the left nasal cavity, nasopharynx and the left frontal sinus. All of these locations could be successfully accessed through ventral rhinotomy and the mass was completely removed. Histological examination identified it as an inflammatory polyp. All respiratory and neurological symptoms disappeared, and two-and-a-half years after surgery, the cat was still without complaints.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventral rhinotomy to remove a nasopharyngeal polyp that invaded the frontal sinus in a cat

Jacobs¹,

Goethem²,

Stock³

et al. 2020

VDT

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show abstract

“… 1 , 2 , 3 , 7 Occlusion of the MB-ECA can cause cerebral hypoxia, resulting in global cerebral ischemia. 1 – 7 Further compounding ischemia, the use of anesthesia may cause a reduction in perfusion to vital structures. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 Areas of the brain most vulnerable to ischemic damage are the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, caudal colliculi and thalamic nuclei.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 2 , 3 , 7 In a second study, 3/6 cats had abnormal brain auditory-evoked responses and ERG waveforms, but none showed abnormal neurologic signs. 4 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global cerebral ischemia with subsequent respiratory arrest in a cat after repeated use of a spring-loaded mouth gag

Hartman

McCarthy

Labato

2017

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports

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Case summaryA 10-year-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat was evaluated because of signs of stertorous breathing and reverse sneezing of 8 months’ duration. A CT scan performed 1 week before evaluation indicated nasopharyngeal stenosis or collapse. Increased respiratory effort, stertorous breathing, coughing, reverse sneezing, bilateral black ocular discharge and mucoid left nasal discharge were noted. Rhinoscopy suggested possible nasopharyngeal stenosis. Balloon dilation was attempted but unsuccessful. Ventral rhinotomy was performed the following day using a spring-loaded mouth gag to access the surgical site. After rhinotomy, the patient had neurologic signs attributed to global cerebral ischemia that progressed to respiratory arrest, subsequently resulting in euthanasia.Relevance and novel informationWhile ischemic brain injury has been associated with the use of a spring-loaded mouth gag in cats, to our knowledge this is the first reported instance where use resulted in respiratory arrest culminating in euthanasia.

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“…should be avoided in cats, as this could compromise the blood flow through the maxillary artery, and no collateral circulation to the cerebrum and retina is present in this species. Severe neurologic deficits and blindness could result from impaired blood flow and ischaemia, particularly when spring-loaded mouth gags are used to create maximal mouth opening (Barton-Lamb et al, 2013;Martin-Flores, Scrivani, Loew, Gleed, & Ludders, 2014;Scrivani, Martin-Flores, Hatten, & Bezuidenhout, 2013;Stiles, Weil, Packer, & Lantz, 2012).…”

Section: Critical Point For Oral Blocks: Excessive Mouth Openingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These mouth gags should not be used in cats. In average-sized adult cats mouth gags that produced a maximal mouth opening of 42 mm between canine teeth, but not mouth opening of 20 or 30 mm, produced blood flow deficits (Martin-Flores et al, 2014). Thus, mouth gags that do not cause maximal mouth opening are acceptable.…”

Section: Critical Point For Oral Blocks: Excessive Mouth Openingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local and regional anaesthesia in dogs and cats: Descriptions of specific local and regional techniques (Part 2)

Grubb

Lobprise

2020

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Pain management in veterinary patients is a crucial component of appropriate patient care. Local anaesthetic drugs used in local and regional blockade can completely block the transmission of nociceptive impulses, decreasing both intra-operative nociception and postoperative pain, while decreasing the potential incidence of adverse effects that can be associated with systemic boluses of drugs. For efficacy and safety, this class of drugs is recommended as part of the analgesic protocol in the majority of surgical procedures and traumatic injuries. Numerous local and regional blocks are proven effective in dogs and cats, thus providing the clinician with ample opportunity to include these blocks in practice. This manuscript, Part 2 of a two-part instalment, focuses on brief descriptions of select commonly used local/regional anaesthesia techniques for dogs and cats that cover a multitude of painful surgeries/injuries and that can be implemented in any practice. In Part 1 of this topic, detailed information on local anaesthetic drugs commonly used in small animal practice was reviewed . K E Y W O R D Sanalgesia, bupivacaine, liposome-encapsulated, local anaesthetics, local block This article is linked to "Local and regio nal anaes thesi a in dogs and cats: Overv iew of conce pts and drugs (Part 1)."

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Maximal and submaximal mouth opening with mouth gags in cats: Implications for maxillary artery blood flow

Cited by 42 publications

References 5 publications

Ventral rhinotomy to remove a nasopharyngeal polyp that invaded the frontal sinus in a cat

Ventral rhinotomy to remove a nasopharyngeal polyp that invaded the frontal sinus in a cat

Global cerebral ischemia with subsequent respiratory arrest in a cat after repeated use of a spring-loaded mouth gag

Local and regional anaesthesia in dogs and cats: Descriptions of specific local and regional techniques (Part 2)

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