This article is about dental models and their construction. It is meant to be informative, entertaining and, hopefully, a little lighthearted. The use of dental models in the veterinary practice has become commonplace. The models are useful for demonstrating to clients and colleagues various dental pathologies and procedures.

The 2019 AAHA Dental Care Guidelines for Dogs and Cats outline a comprehensive approach to support companion animal practices in improving the oral health and often, the quality of life of their canine and feline patients. The guidelines are an update of the 2013 AAHA Dental Care Guidelines for Dogs and Cats. A photographically illustrated, 12-step protocol describes the essential steps in an oral health assessment, dental cleaning, and periodontal therapy. Recommendations are given for general anesthesia, pain management, facilities, and equipment necessary for safe and effective delivery of care. To promote the wellbeing of dogs and cats through decreasing the adverse effects and pain of periodontal disease, these guidelines emphasize the critical role of client education and effective, preventive oral healthcare.

Pain management in veterinary patients is a crucial component of appropriate patient care. Multimodal analgesia that includes both systemically and locally/regionally administered drugs is generally the most effective approach to providing pain relief. Local anaesthetic drugs used in local and regional blockade are unique in that they can completely block the transmission of pain (in conscious patients) or nociceptive (in anaesthetized patients) signals, thereby providing profound analgesia. In addition, local and regional administration of drugs, when compared with systemic bolus administration, generally results in a lower incidence of dose‐related adverse effects. Due to the potential to provide profound analgesia and the high safety margin (when used correctly) of this drug class, local anaesthetics are recommended as part of the analgesic protocol in the majority of patients undergoing surgical procedures or suffering traumatic injuries. This manuscript, Part 1 of a two‐part instalment, emphasizes the importance of using local and regional anaesthesia as a component of multimodal analgesia, provides a review of the basic pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of local anaesthetic drugs in general, lists information on commonly used local anaesthetic drugs for local and regional blockade in dogs and cats, and briefly introduces the novel liposome‐encapsulated bupivacaine (NOCITA®). Part 2 is a review of local and regional anaesthetic techniques used in dogs and cats (Grubb & Lobprise, 2020).

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Pain management in veterinary patients is a crucial component of appropriate patient care. Local anaesthetic drugs used in local and regional blockade can completely block the transmission of nociceptive impulses, decreasing both intra-operative nociception and postoperative pain, while decreasing the potential incidence of adverse effects that can be associated with systemic boluses of drugs. For efficacy and safety, this class of drugs is recommended as part of the analgesic protocol in the majority of surgical procedures and traumatic injuries. Numerous local and regional blocks are proven effective in dogs and cats, thus providing the clinician with ample opportunity to include these blocks in practice. This manuscript, Part 2 of a two-part instalment, focuses on brief descriptions of select commonly used local/regional anaesthesia techniques for dogs and cats that cover a multitude of painful surgeries/injuries and that can be implemented in any practice. In Part 1 of this topic, detailed information on local anaesthetic drugs commonly used in small animal practice was reviewed . K E Y W O R D Sanalgesia, bupivacaine, liposome-encapsulated, local anaesthetics, local block This article is linked to "Local and regio nal anaes thesi a in dogs and cats: Overv iew of conce pts and drugs (Part 1)."