Maximal VO2, ventilation, and heart rate of Olympic speed skating candidates

Maksud, Michael G.; Wiley, R. L.; Hamilton, Lyle H.; Lockhart, Barbara

doi:10.1152/jappl.1970.29.2.186

Cited by 27 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Previous studies have also suggested this notion (8,16). Di Prampero et al (4) described the effect of the air resistance (D) to the energy cost of speed-skating, which would be calculated in an amount from 50% to 65% of total energy requirements, and suggested that for the same power output per unit weight, better performances can be expected from the heavier skaters.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Therefore, the effect of training specificity on metabolic capacities will result in different outcomes. On the other hand, it has been recognized that an important prerequisite for speed-skating appears to be high levels of functional capacities such as maximal aerobic power (VO2max) (8,16). Furthermore, Ingen Schenau et al (8) suggested that performance in speed-skating is related to the force level which corresponds with the onset of anaerobiosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aerobic Threshold, Anaerobic Threshold, and Maximal Oxygen Uptake of Japanese Speed-Skaters*

Nemoto

Iwaoka²,

Funato

et al. 1988

Int J Sports Med

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiologic and metabolic parameters of speed-skaters with different training regimes and performance level and examine some physiologic prerequisites for speed-skating. The subjects were 25 male speed-skaters including members of the 1984 Japanese National Speed Skating Team whose ages ranged from 19 to 25 years. Aerobic threshold (AerT), anaerobic threshold (AnT), and VO2max were determined during a progressive bicycle ergometer exercise. The power was increased by 12.25 W every 3 min to exhaustion. AerT was determined using gas exchange variables; nonlinear increase in VE and VCO2, and peak VO2.VE-1. AnT was estimated from breakaway VE and the onset of decrease in FECO2.VO2max was measured during another incremental exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Mean AerT, AnT, and VO2max for skaters (n = 25) were 2.47 +/- 0.36.min-1 (61.1 +/- 7.2 %VO2max), 2.93 +/- 0.33.min-1 (73.4 +/- 5.9 %VO2max), and 4.06 +/- 0.42.min-1, respectively. All-arounders had higher AerT values but the same VO2max as sprinters. AnT of all-arounders was significantly higher than those of sprinters. A significant difference between the top ten elite skaters and the other skaters (n = 15) was found only in VO2max expressed as l.min-1. However, no significant correlation was noted between measured physiologic variables (AerT, AnT, and VO2max) and performances expressed as mean velocities at various events.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerobic Threshold, Anaerobic Threshold, and Maximal Oxygen Uptake of Japanese Speed-Skaters*

Nemoto

Iwaoka²,

Funato

et al. 1988

Int J Sports Med

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“…A further disadvantage associated with a larger preextension angle is the fact that at the same speed, the amount of loss of skating velocity to air friction is also higher. From a physiological perspective, female skaters showed a higher postexercise lactate level compared with male skaters (18), suggesting that female athletes have less resistance to fatigue. Furthermore, differences in variation of skating velocity and the associated rate of lactate accumulation (9,12) might also provide an explanation for the differences in lap times.…”

Section: Gender Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…18 Figures 1A-C). For women's 3,000 m, differences between successive lap times were significant in each instance (p , 0.001).…”

Section: Pacing Patternmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pacing Pattern and Speed Skating Performance in Competitive Long-Distance Events

Muehlbauer

Panzer

Schindler

2010

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The present study was aimed to compare the pacing pattern adopted by women and men in races performed during a complete World Cup series. Elite skaters competed in long-distance races of different length (3,000, 5,000, and 10,000 m) and location (low/high altitude) where distribution of lap times were analyzed. Regardless of athletes' performance level, gender, or rinks' location, similar pacing patterns were observed in each event, which were characterized by an initial acceleration followed by a progressive delay in lap times-"positive pacing strategy". Differences in lap times were significant in each instance for women's 3,000 m (p < 0.001). For the 5,000 m races, laps 5-12 in women and laps 8-12 in men were slower compared with previous laps (p < 0.001, for both sexes). For men's 10,000 m, skaters performed only the first lap faster than the remaining laps (p < 0.001) with laps 2-7 not different from each other but faster than laps 19-24 (p < 0.05), which also did not differ from each other. Top-ranked compared with bottom-ranked skaters (p < 0.001) and male compared with female skaters (p < 0.001) were significantly faster at each lap, suggesting that technical or physiological or both aspects need to be developed in those. The significantly shorter lap times at high- compared with low-altitude races (p < 0.001) suggest that rinks' location appears to be important for performance outcome, at elite level.

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“…The most relevant studies with respect to the focus of the present review are those employing β-adrenergic blockade in humans. Several of these studies have reported a reduction in maximal oxygen consumption and exercise capacity (9,72,336); however, this has not been a universal finding with no effect of β-adrenergic blockade often reported (65,196,269). Part of the reason for these equivocal findings may relate to the training status of the participants studied.…”

Section: Cardiac Autonomic Regulation During Steady-state Exercisementioning

confidence: 96%

Autonomic Adjustments to Exercise in Humans

Fisher

Young

Fadel

2015

Comprehensive Physiology

232

253

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Autonomic nervous system adjustments to the heart and blood vessels are necessary for mediating the cardiovascular responses required to meet the metabolic demands of working skeletal muscle during exercise. These demands are met by precise exercise intensity-dependent alterations in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity. The purpose of this review is to examine the contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in mediating specific cardiovascular and hemodynamic responses to exercise. These changes in autonomic outflow are regulated by several neural mechanisms working in concert, including central command (a feed forward mechanism originating from higher brain centers), the exercise pressor reflex (a feed-back mechanism originating from skeletal muscle), the arterial baroreflex (a negative feed-back mechanism originating from the carotid sinus and aortic arch), and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors (a feed-back mechanism from stretch receptors located in the heart and lungs). In addition, arterial chemoreceptors and phrenic afferents from respiratory muscles (i.e., respiratory metaboreflex) are also capable of modulating the autonomic responses to exercise. Our goal is to provide a detailed review of the parasympathetic and sympathetic changes that occur with exercise distinguishing between the onset of exercise and steady-state conditions, when appropriate. In addition, studies demonstrating the contributions of each of the aforementioned neural mechanisms to the autonomic changes and ensuing cardiac and/or vascular responses will be covered.

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Maximal VO2, ventilation, and heart rate of Olympic speed skating candidates

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Aerobic Threshold, Anaerobic Threshold, and Maximal Oxygen Uptake of Japanese Speed-Skaters*

Aerobic Threshold, Anaerobic Threshold, and Maximal Oxygen Uptake of Japanese Speed-Skaters*

Pacing Pattern and Speed Skating Performance in Competitive Long-Distance Events

Autonomic Adjustments to Exercise in Humans

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