Maximum and average urine flow rates in normal children‐the Miskolc nomograms

Abstract

Objective To establish normal reference ranges of urinary flow rates in children. Subjects and methods From a screening programme, 200 healthy children (96 girls and 104 boys, between 3 and 18 years old) with no renal, urological, psychological or neurological disorders were selected, and they provided 433 micturitions for analysis. The children were divided into those with body surface areas of <0.92 m2, between 0.92 and 1.42 m2 and > 1.42 m2. The voided volume, maximum and average flow rates of urine were measured. Data were fitted by several mathematical functions and goodnessof-fit determined.Results The relationship between maximal or average flow rates and voided volume was best fitted by a logarithmic function. The maximal and average urine flow rate nomograms are given in centile form for each body surface area group in both girls and boys. Flow rates showed a close relationship with voided volumes in both sexes and for all body sizes. The average maximal and average flow rates were higher in girls than in boys. Conclusion Normal nomograms of maximal and average urine flow rates of girls and boys at three different body surfaces are presented in centile form. These may be useful for diagnosing lower urinary tract disturbances in children over a wide range of body size and voided volumes.

Uroflowmetry nomogram in Iranian children aged 7 to 14 years

“…This is interpretable by the girl's shorter urethra. The mean maximum urine flow rates (19.9 ml/sec for boys and 23.5 ml/sec for girls) were found to be lower in this study than those reported in western studies (Miskole [10]: Mean maximum urine flow rate 14 ml/sec for boys and 16 ml/sec for girls). This may be explained to some extent by the fact that because of religious considerations children have very early toilet training and parents force them to void every 1–2 hours in the toilet-training period to avoid wetting.…”

“…Miskole [10] nomogram noted that the curves of 50% of the average and maximum flow rates were the same in both sexes when the voided volume was less than100 ml. But when the voided volume is more than 100 ml, the curves for the girls were higher.…”

“…At maximum bladder fullness, the overall average flow rates in this study were 16 (ml/sec) in girls and 14 (ml/sec) in boys. The children were divided into three groups according to their body surface [10]. The aim of the present study was to establish the normal reference values in children of both sexes for maximum and average flow rates for a wide range of voiding volumes in Iran.…”

Urinary flow disturbance as an early sign of autonomic neuropathy in diabetic children and adolescents

“…Twenty-seven patients without CAD were included in Group B. They had a shorter duration of diabetes and good metabolic control (mean fructosamin level was 2.9 AE 0.6 mmol/L, Table I), and their mean voided volume was 258 AE 52 mils at ¢rst sensation of bladder fullness.The controls for Group Awere obtained from a previous uro£ow screening study, where 231 healthy children voided at ¢rst and at maximal sensation of bladder fullness [Szabo and Fegyverneki, 1995]. Twenty healthy children voided 488 AE 94 mils and formed control for Group A, and another 30 healthy children voided 260 AE 50 mils and formed control for Group B.…”

The Tzu Chi nomograms for maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) in children: comparison with Miskolc nomogram

“…However, the regression method used standard errors to predict the values of the percentiles that may not apply well in skewed data. Such error may explain the unreasonable findings in the most commonly adopted Miskolc nomograms : the line of 5th percentile of the Q max in boys aged 3–7 years was higher than those of children aged 8–13 years. As the number of participants was larger in the present study, we used the ranking method to plot the real percentiles on the nomogram.…”