Meal patterns and meal-induced metabolic changes in calves fed milk ad lib

Senn, M.; Gross-Lüem, Sina; Leuenberger, Hans; Langhans, Wolfgang

doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(00)00253-5

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Similar to results reported by Appleby et al (2001), ADL calves had a peak in feeding activity corresponding to fresh milk delivery (Figure 2a). Sunrise and sunset elicited feeding activity, as has been reported in both suckling calves (Odde et al, 1985) and calves fed milk ad libitum by a computer-controlled milk feeder (Senn et al, 2000). Calves fed ADL also had increased activity at time of afternoon milk delivery for RES calves, possibly elicited by the presence of the experimenters or auditory cues from adjacent RES calves.…”

supporting

confidence: 61%

“…To some degree, feeding patterns are controlled by satiety factors, such as physical fill and metabolic signals (Forbes, 2007), that are similar between animals. For example, milk meal size in calves is positively correlated with latency to the next meal (Senn et al, 2000), suggesting that satiety related to amount of feed ingested influences the distribution of meals. Meal initiation, however, may depend on cognitive factors, such as learned cues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Feeding patterns of dairy calves during the milk feeding stage are highly subject to milk feeding level, which ranges considerably on farm. With ad libitum provision of milk, calves exhibit circadian feeding patterns, characterized by frequent small meals during daylight and increased activity at sunrise and sunset (Senn et al, 2000). It is, however, common practice to provide milk at a restricted rate of approximately 10% of a calf's birth weight (approximately 4 to 5 L/d), which is less than 50% of ad libitum intake (Appleby et al, 2001;Khan et al, 2011) and, therefore, constrains milk meal patterns (Appleby et al, 2001;De Paula Vieira et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of milk feeding level on development of feeding behavior in dairy calves

Miller-Cushon

Bergeron

Leslie

et al. 2013

Journal of Dairy Science

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Evidence exists that early life experiences may influence development of characteristic feeding patterns in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of milk feeding level on performance and development of feeding patterns in dairy calves. Twenty Holstein bull calves were assigned at birth to a milk replacer feeding level, fed via a teat: (1) ad libitum (ADL) or (2) restricted feeding at 5 L/d (0.75 kg of milk replacer) in 2 feedings/d (RES). All calves were offered concentrate ad libitum during the milk feeding stage. Calves were weaned gradually during wk 7 and then fed a pelleted diet ad libitum for 7 wk. Calves were weighed 2 times/wk. Feed and milk intakes were recorded daily. Feeding behavior was recorded from video for 5 d in each of wk 3, 6, 8, 11, and 14. Calves fed ADL consumed 2.6 times more milk, had greater weight gain (1.2 vs. 0.6 kg/d), and consumed less solid feed (45.2 vs. 98.0 g/d) during the milk feeding period than did calves fed RES. As expected, providing milk ADL resulted in more frequent meals (in wk 6, 7.1 vs. 2.0) and more evenly distributed diurnal patterns of feeding activity compared with the RES milk level. When considering all sucking bouts (milk feeding and nonnutritive sucking), no difference was observed between treatments in daily bout frequency or sucking time/bout. Postweaning, calves fed RES had initially greater rate of intake (24.9 vs. 17.8 g/min) and meal size (160.8 vs. 117.2 g/meal). Diurnal feeding patterns also differed in the first week after weaning, with ADL calves feeding less continuously at the time of feed delivery. Meal characteristics and diurnal patterns of feeding activity were similar between calves by the end of the trial. However, milk feeding level had a longer-term effect on variability in feeding behavior, with calves fed RES having greater day-to-day variability in feeding time and meal size. Variability of meal characteristics also decreased over time across treatments. These results suggest that milk feeding level may have a short-term influence on postweaning feeding behavior. However, differences in early feeding patterns due to milk feeding level do not appear to affect longer-term development of feeding patterns.

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confidence: 61%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of milk feeding level on development of feeding behavior in dairy calves

Miller-Cushon

Bergeron

Leslie

et al. 2013

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…Thus, the level of competition for access to the milk markedly affected meal patterns. Senn et al (2000) found that calves fed ad libitum ingested approximately 5 daily meals of an average size of 2 L from a computer-controlled milk feeder in a situation with 11 calves per feeder. In the present study, 8 calves shared 1 milk feeder, and although milk was not ad libitum and the milk feeder forced calves to take a 30-min pause between successive meals, the high-fed calves had a similar number and size of meals as found in calves fed ad libitum.…”

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confidence: 99%

Short communication: Milk meal pattern of dairy calves is affected by computer-controlled milk feeder set-up

Jensen

2009

Journal of Dairy Science

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Ninety-six calves housed in groups of 8 were fed either a high milk allowance (heavy breeds 9.6 L/d; Jerseys 7.2 L/d) or a low milk allowance (heavy breeds 4.8 L/d; Jerseys 3.6 L/d) via a computer-controlled milk feeder. Half of the calves on each allowance could ingest the milk in 2 or more daily milk portions, whereas the other half could ingest the milk in 4 or more daily portions. Data were collected during 3 successive 14-d periods, the first period starting the day after introduction to the feeder at minimum 12 d of age. High-fed calves ingested their milk in 4.0 and 4.9 meals for a minimum of 2 and 4 portions, respectively, whereas low-fed calves ingested their milk in 2.4 and 4.4 meals for a minimum of 2 and 4 portions, respectively. Calves on a high milk allowance had fewer milk meals over time, whereas calves on a low milk allowance had the same number of milk meals throughout. Thus, the development from small and frequent milk meals to fewer and larger meals reported by studies of natural suckling was also found among high-fed calves on a computer-controlled milk feeder. Irrespectively of minimum number of milk portions, the low-fed calves had more unrewarded visits to the computer-controlled milk feeder, indicating that they were attempting to get more milk. The results of the present study suggest that offering a high milk allowance and avoiding restriction on meal pattern may result in a feeder use that more closely resembles natural suckling.

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“…Meal frequencies similar to suckling calves have been reported in ad libitum milk feeding systems, with reports of average meal frequency ranging from 4 to 10 meals per day (Appleby 2001;De Paula Vieira et al 2008;MillerCushon et al 2013a). Calves have peaks in feeding activity corresponding to fresh milk delivery, as well as increased activity at sunrise and sunset (Senn et al 2000;Appleby 2001;Miller-Cushon et al 2013a). In general, providing greater quantities of milk appears to be beneficial in allowing preferred feeding patterns and supporting increased rate of weight gain and greater structural growth [e.g., approximately 1.0 kg d (1 on enhanced milk feeding programs vs. 0.45 kg d…”

Section: Feeding Of Milk and Milk Replacermentioning

confidence: 99%

Invited review: Development and expression of dairy calf feeding behaviour

Miller-Cushon

DeVries

2015

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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Miller-Cushon, E. K. and DeVries, T. J. 2015. Invited review: Development and expression of dairy calf feeding behaviour. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 341Á350. Feeding and housing practices for dairy calves impact performance and growth early in life, as well as feeding behaviour. There is also increasing evidence that early exposure to different feeding and housing strategies influence the development of feeding behaviour. The dairy calf needs access to milk in sufficient quantities to maintain health and high-levels of growth. In addition, intake of solid feed, such as grain concentrate, is necessary early in life to establish fermentation and develop the rumen. In dairy calves, feeding behaviour patterns can have direct impact on nutrient consumption and, consequently, growth. Further, recent research has provided evidence that behaviour patterns that develop in response to management factors early in life may persist once learned, potentially having longer-term implications for health and welfare. Thus, there is potential for various nutritional, housing, and management factors to impact the learning of feeding behaviour early in the life of dairy calves. This review provides several examples of early management factors that influence feeding behaviour of dairy calves and, in turn, impact calf growth and welfare. For example, providing continuous, ad libitum access to milk results not only in greater growth, but also in meal patterns that more closely resemble the natural behaviour of a calf suckling its dam. Housing management also has the potential to influence when, and how much, a calf eats. Whereas social facilitation promotes intake, particularly at weaning, competition for feed in group-housed calves restricts feeding patterns and degree of feeding synchrony. With regards to provision of solid feed, recent data suggest that providing physically effective hay, in addition to grain concentrate, may be beneficial for the rumen environment and consequent growth and efficiency. However, the physical form and presentation of forage may also influence feeding behaviour of calves, in particular feed sorting, which can impact both immediate nutrient intakes as well as the development and persistence of that behaviour. For example, calves provided hay and concentrate as a mixture begin to sort their feed early in life, with the pattern of sorting depending on hay particle size. Feed sorting in young calves may reflect a motivation to consume a proportion of hay in the diet. In general, it appears to be beneficial for early growth and welfare to support milk and solid feed intake through unrestricted allowances and less-competitive feeding environments. Continued research in this area is needed to assess the longevity of learned behaviour patterns, and what factors may influence their persistence. Key words: Behaviour, feeding, dairy calfMiller-Cushon, E. K. et DeVries, T. J. 2015. Article de synthe`se sollicite´: De´veloppement et expression du comportement alimentaire des veaux laitiers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 341Á3...

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Meal patterns and meal-induced metabolic changes in calves fed milk ad lib

Cited by 22 publications

References 27 publications

Effect of milk feeding level on development of feeding behavior in dairy calves

Effect of milk feeding level on development of feeding behavior in dairy calves

Short communication: Milk meal pattern of dairy calves is affected by computer-controlled milk feeder set-up

Invited review: Development and expression of dairy calf feeding behaviour

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