“…This observation suggests that the ultrasonic action has the ability to break down larger iron-sinking slag particles, leading to a reduction in their size. Consequently, this improvement in particle size contributes to enhanced dehydration performance [29] , [30] , [31] . Fig.…”
“…This observation suggests that the ultrasonic action has the ability to break down larger iron-sinking slag particles, leading to a reduction in their size. Consequently, this improvement in particle size contributes to enhanced dehydration performance [29] , [30] , [31] . Fig.…”
“…To establish the ultrasonic technique for vessel material evaluation, the correlation between the material status and the ultrasonic wave propagation behavior should be fully understood, and based on this correlation, a database can possibly be established in the future. Among classical ultrasonic methods, the ultrasonic attenuation method is considered very sensitive to changes in material microstructures [ 11 , 12 ].…”
A lead bismuth eutectic (LBE) spallation target will be installed in the Target Test Facility (TEF-T) in the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). The spallation target vessel filled with LBE is made of type 316L stainless steel. However, various damages, such as erosion/corrosion damage and liquid metal embrittlement caused by contact with flowing LBE at high temperature, and irradiation hardening caused by protons and neutrons, may be inflicted on the target vessel, which will deteriorate the steel and might break the vessel. To monitor the target vessel for prevention of an accident, an ultrasonic technique has been proposed to establish off-line evaluation for estimating vessel material status during the target maintenance period. Basic R&D must be carried out to clarify the dependency of ultrasonic wave propagation behavior on material microstructures and obtain fundamental knowledge. As a first step, ultrasonic waves scattered by the grains of type 316L stainless steel are investigated using new experimental and numerical approaches in the present study. The results show that the grain size can be evaluated exactly and quantitatively by calculating the attenuation coefficient of the ultrasonic waves scattered by the grains. The results also show that the scattering regimes of ultrasonic waves depend heavily on the ratio of wavelength to average grain size, and are dominated by grains of extraordinarily large size along the wave propagation path.
“…Sarpun et al [10] utilized 2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering ultrasound to test the relationship between marble grain size and wave velocity. Sarpün and Kiliçkaya [11] used ultrasound for testing the relationship between marble grain size and ultrasonic attenuation. Bouda et al [12] experimented on the heat treatment of steel and observed the effects of grain size on the velocity of sound and attenuation rate and concluded that the velocity of sound was inversely proportional to grain size and the ultrasonic attenuation rate was not suitable for evaluating steel grain size because of its large variance.…”
Developing new materials or improving their heat treatment techniques is key to industrial upgrades for increasing fastener product quality. Nowadays, high tensile strength bolts are heat-treated to achieve desired mechanical properties such as hardness, strength, toughness, and resistance to fatigue and wear. Ultrasound detection is one widely used nondestructive inspection technique. Based on the characteristics of wave transmission, the refraction, diffraction, and scattering of ultrasound wave velocity and attenuation in a material are governed by its grain boundary characteristics. In this study, C1045 middle carbon steel was heat-treated at various temperatures and then water-quenched, and the relationships among grain size, ultrasonic velocity, attenuation, and material hardness were then determined using two ultrasound sources. Our experimental results show that a smaller average grain size as well as higher hardness can be obtained from higher quenching temperatures. Faster acoustic velocities and slower attenuation coefficients are caused by higher material hardness. A scattering effect is more obvious for higher transducer frequencies. Our results demonstrate another nondestructive test that can assess the quenching process in the fastener industry.
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