Mean response times, variability, and skew in the responding of ADHD children: a response time distributional approach

Leth‐Steensen, Craig; Elbaz, Zmira King; Douglas, Virginia I.

doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(00)00019-6

Cited by 533 publications

(709 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Research on functional endophenotypes might therefore aid a more thorough understanding of a disorder, thereby improving current therapeutic options. Behavioral data showed that ADHD patients performed worse than healthy controls as indicated by the number of commission errors after primers and distractors, number of omission errors, reaction time in Go-trials, and the variability of the reaction time, which is in line with previous findings (eg, Epstein et al, 1998;Leth-Steensen et al, 2000). These findings imply that ADHD patients are less sensitive to stimulus features, that is, to the difference between targets and non-targets, than their normal counterparts (for a meta-analysis see reference Losier et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Dopamine Transporter (SLC6A3) Genotype Impacts Neurophysiological Correlates of Cognitive Response Control in an Adult Sample of Patients with ADHD

Dresler

Ehlis

Renner

et al. 2010

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Studies provide ample evidence for a dysfunction in dopaminergic neurotransmission in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In that respect, a common variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism in the 3 0 untranslated region (UTR) of the dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) has been repeatedly associated with the disorder. Here, we examined the influence of the common 9-and 10-repeat alleles of SLC6A3 on prefrontal brain functioning and cognitive response control in a large sample of adult ADHD patients (n ¼ 161) and healthy controls (n ¼ 109). To this end, we inspected a neurophysiological marker of cognitive response control (NoGo anteriorization, NGA) elicited by means of a Go-NoGo task (continuous performance test, CPT). Within the group of ADHD patients, nine-repeat allele carriers showed significantly reduced NGA, whereas no influence of SLC6A3 genotype was observed in the control group. In contrast to previous association studies of children, the nine-repeatFnot the 10-repeatFallele was associated with functional impairments in our sample of adult ADHD patients. Our findings confirm a significant effect of the SLC6A3 genotype on the neurophysiological correlates of cognitive response control in ADHD, and indicate that still to-be-identified age-related factors are important variables modulating the effect of genetic factors on endophenotypes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Dopamine Transporter (SLC6A3) Genotype Impacts Neurophysiological Correlates of Cognitive Response Control in an Adult Sample of Patients with ADHD

Dresler

Ehlis

Renner

et al. 2010

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…For example, ADHD participants typically show more withinsubject variability in their reaction times (Leth-Steensen et al, 2000;Lijffijt et al, 2005;Castellanos et al, 2005). Although DA modulates the overall reaction time in our models (by modulating Go vs NoGo pathways in the striatum; Frank, 2005), it is not immediately evident how low levels of DA would lead to more variability in RTs across trials (but see General Discussion for alternative accounts).…”

Section: Noradrenaline Dysfunction In Adhdmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…In particular, a high tonic/low phasic NA state in ADHD would lead to noisier frontal cortical representations, which could cause variability in reaction times, via effects in pre/motor areas. Indeed, various studies show that ADHD participants show increased within-subject reaction time variability (Leth-Steensen et al, 2000;Lijffijt et al, 2005;Castellanos et al, 2005). Interestingly, the same NA mechanism also predicts that noise in frontal motor representations may cause erratic exploratory behavior, or in other words, reduced consistency of choice responses.…”

Section: Noradrenalinementioning

confidence: 94%

“…We also collected reaction time data in light of previous findings that ADHD participants show more within-subjects variability in reaction times (Leth-Steensen et al, 2000;Castellanos et al, 2005). We hypothesized that the mechanism for this variability is high tonic NA and that this would also lead to more trial-to-trial erratic choice behavior during training.…”

Section: Reinforcement Learning Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Testing Computational Models of Dopamine and Noradrenaline Dysfunction in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Frank

Santamaria

O’Reilly

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

199

197

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We test our neurocomputational model of fronto-striatal dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) function for understanding cognitive and motivational deficits in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Our model predicts that low striatal DA levels in ADHD should lead to deficits in 'Go' learning from positive reinforcement, which should be alleviated by stimulant medications, as observed with DA manipulations in other populations. Indeed, while nonmedicated adult ADHD participants were impaired at both positive (Go) and negative (NoGo) reinforcement learning, only the former deficits were ameliorated by medication. We also found evidence for our model's extension of the same striatal DA mechanisms to working memory, via interactions with prefrontal cortex. In a modified AX-continuous performance task, ADHD participants showed reduced sensitivity to working memory contextual information, despite no global performance deficits, and were more susceptible to the influence of distractor stimuli presented during the delay. These effects were reversed with stimulant medications. Moreover, the tendency for medications to improve Go relative to NoGo reinforcement learning was predictive of their improvement in working memory in distracting conditions, suggestive of common DA mechanisms and supporting a unified account of DA function in ADHD. However, other ADHD effects such as erratic trial-to-trial switching and reaction time variability are not accounted for by model DA mechanisms, and are instead consistent with cortical noradrenergic dysfunction and associated computational models. Accordingly, putative NA deficits were correlated with each other and independent of putative DA-related deficits. Taken together, our results demonstrate the usefulness of computational approaches for understanding cognitive deficits in ADHD.

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“…Children with ADHD also had more excessively long RTs shown by the higher τ values. Larger τ values are likely a consequence of attention lapses and greater trial-by-trial variability, which generally describes children with ADHD (e.g., Karalunas & Huang-Pollock, 2013;Leth-Steensen et al, 2000). Higher variability in performance may be due to a difficulty in allocating sufficient effort to maintain task ERP CORRELATES OF CONFLICT PROCESSING IN ADHD 26 performance (see also van Mourik et al, 2011), which is related to the suboptimal energetic regulation in ADHD (Sergeant, 2005).…”

Section: Behavioral Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children With ADHD Show Impairments in Multiple Stages of Information Processing in a Stroop Task: An ERP Study

Kóbor

Takács

Bryce

et al. 2015

Developmental Neuropsychology

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Mean response times, variability, and skew in the responding of ADHD children: a response time distributional approach

Cited by 533 publications

References 25 publications

Dopamine Transporter (SLC6A3) Genotype Impacts Neurophysiological Correlates of Cognitive Response Control in an Adult Sample of Patients with ADHD

Dopamine Transporter (SLC6A3) Genotype Impacts Neurophysiological Correlates of Cognitive Response Control in an Adult Sample of Patients with ADHD

Testing Computational Models of Dopamine and Noradrenaline Dysfunction in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Children With ADHD Show Impairments in Multiple Stages of Information Processing in a Stroop Task: An ERP Study

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