Measles Vaccines

Strebel, Peter M.; Papania, Mark J.; Gastañaduy, Paul A.; Goodson, James L.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35761-6.00037-7

Cited by 39 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 733 publications

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“…Another study found the measles vaccine to be highly effective after a single dose when it is administered after one year of age, with a median effectiveness of 93% (range: 39-100%); effectiveness was found to be even higher after two doses, with a median rate of 97% (range: 67-100%) 24 . Furthermore, many individuals who lack a detectable antibody develop a secondary immune response upon revaccination or exposure to the wild-type virus, a phenomenon which suggests the persistence of some level of immunity 27 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is also important to distinguish between primary vaccine failure, which is the failure to seroconvert after vaccination, and secondary vaccine failure, which is the loss of protection after seroconversion has been demonstrated. Vaccine-induced immunity (secondary vaccine failure) wanes in 0% to 6% of vaccinations, but this phenomenon does not seem to play a major role in measles virus transmission or in reducing a given population's www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ overall immunity to measles 27,28 . In this study, 39.3% of individuals with documented evidence of measles vaccination did not have anti-measles IgG, while 20.2% of individuals with documented evidence of rubella vaccination lacked anti-rubella IgG.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Measles Antibodies in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil: A serological survey model

Estofolete¹,

Milhim²,

França³

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Measles is an acute and highly contagious but vaccine-preventable infectious disease. Despite years of being considered eliminated, decreased vaccination rates have produced virus reemergence in several countries, including Brazil. Measles can be controlled through immunization programs, through which aim to achieve 95% coverage with two doses of the vaccine. Measles can also be controlled if suspected cases can be properly identified in order to contain outbreaks. This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence of measles antibodies and their correlation with rubella antibodies (resulting from the combination vaccine used in Brazil's public immunization program) in individuals aged higher 10 years old in São José do Rio preto, São paulo State, Brazil, participants of a prospective cohort of arbovirosis surveillance before virus reemergence in the country. Our findings presented that 32.9% of individuals aged 10-40 years old had not antibodies against measles; 39.3% of total individuals with documented evidence of measles vaccination did not have anti-measles IgG, though only 20.2% of individuals with documented evidence of rubella vaccination lacked anti-rubella IgG. Besides, the most of measles cases reported in the city, following the virus spreading in the country, occurred especially in groups defined by us as susceptible. Because the combination MMR vaccine is part of Brazil's national vaccine schedule, the possible reasons for this relatively high rate of seronegativity need to be investigated further, once that it reflects outbreak risk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Measles Antibodies in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil: A serological survey model

Estofolete¹,

Milhim²,

França³

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…We considered the effect of vaccination on the neutral evolutionary dynamics of the pathogen in a single population of size 3,000,000 by scaling the relative birth rate ρ (rate at which new susceptible individuals are introduced to the population) such that v t =1-ρ, where v t is the vaccination coverage at time t . We used a simple model assuming that the vaccine provides complete and long-lasting immunity against all strains (6), and that vaccine escape does not occur (7). We considered both immediate rollout of vaccination, whereby from time t vacc onwards, 50% of the population are considered vaccinated, as well as scaling up of vaccination, in which the rate of vaccination linearly increases from 20% at t vacc to 50% 10 years later.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Secondly, measles virus is not thought to have complex evolutionary dynamics. Immunity from both infection and vaccination is long-lasting and protects against all variants (6, 7); as such, selective pressure from adaptive immunity is thought to be minimal (8). Finally, measles dynamics vary considerably across different scenarios, encompassing biennial and annual outbreaks, as well as chaotic dynamics (9), providing a range of settings to explore how genetic diversity is impacted by population fluctuations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpreting pathogen genetic diversity during measles epidemics

Worby

Bozick

Gastañaduy

et al. 2020

Preprint

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12While measles remains endemic in parts of the world, efforts to eliminate measles 13 transmission continue, and viral sequence data may shed light on progress towards these 14 goals. Genetic diversity has been used as a proxy for disease prevalence; however, 15 seasonally-driven disease dynamics are typically characterized by deep population 16 bottlenecks between epidemics, which severely disrupt the genetic signal. Here, we simulate 17 measles metapopulation dynamics, and show that it is the population bottleneck, rather than 18 epidemic size, which plays the largest role in observed pathogen diversity. While high levels 19 of vaccination greatly reduces measles diversity, paradoxically, diversity increases with 20 intermediate levels of vaccination, despite reducing incidence. We examined diversity and 21 incidence using published data to compare our simulated outcomes with real observations, 22 finding a significant relationship between harmonic mean incidence and genetic diversity. 23 Our study demonstrates that caution should be taken when interpreting pathogen diversity, 24 particularly for short-term, local dynamics. 25 26 scenarios, encompassing biennial and annual outbreaks, as well as chaotic dynamics (9), 53 providing a range of settings to explore how genetic diversity is impacted by population 54 fluctuations. 55 56 Measles virus has just a single serotype, although 24 genotypes have been defined (10) on 57 the basis of (at minimum) the 450-nucleotides coding for the COOH terminal 150 amino 58 acids of the nucleoprotein (N-450) (11). The World Health Organization (WHO) Global 59 Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network supports measles genotyping on a global scale. At 60 present, laboratory confirmation of measles infection is based on detection of virus specific 61 IgM antibodies in serum samples. Though WHO encourages the collection of specimens for 62 virus detection, the quality and completeness of virologic surveillance varies considerably by 63 country and WHO region (12). Classification of strains sampled during an outbreak into 64 these genotypes can provide additional insights into epidemiological dynamics. In many 65 countries with high vaccine coverage, a relatively high turnover of predominant genotypes is 66 observed, since outbreaks are generated by sporadic introductions, and are subsequently 67 either eliminated, or reduced to a low level, allowing new importations of different genotypes 68 to take over (13). In contrast, countries with lower vaccination coverage and endemic 69 measles are more likely to be characterized by a single genotype (14). For instance, 70 measles in China is predominantly caused by genotype H1, with only few importation-71 associated cases identified belonging to other genotypes (15, 16), while genotype D8 72 dominates in India (17). Changes in genotype distribution can be indicative of breaks in 73 transmission and importation (13), and new outbreaks in a previously disease-free 74 population are likely to comprise a single major genotype and...

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“…Humoral immunity is mostly involved in the prevention of MV infection, whilst cell-mediated immunity is required to clear the virus once infection has occurred. Tests for humoral immunity are more widely available and standardized than those for cellular immunity and are therefore most often used to assess measles immunity [17]. The presence of neutralizing antibodies, commonly demonstrated by the plaque reduction neutralization, is considered the most reliable assay for serological immunity [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additional Evidence on Serological Correlates of Protection against Measles: An Observational Cohort Study among Once Vaccinated Children Exposed to Measles

et al. 2019

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To assess correlates of protection against measles and against subclinical measles virus (MV) infection, we recruited once-vaccinated children from geographic regions associated with increased MV circulation and/or at schools with low vaccination coverage in the Netherlands. Paired blood samples were collected shortly after onset of the measles outbreak and after the outbreak. A questionnaire was used to document the likelihood of exposure to MV and occurrence of measles-like symptoms. All blood samples were tested for MV-specific antibodies with five different assays. Correlates of protection were assessed by considering the lowest neutralizing antibody levels in children without MV infection, and by ROC analyses. Among 91 participants, two seronegative children (2%) developed measles, and an additional 19 (23%) experienced subclinical MV infection. The correlate of protection against measles was lower than 0.345 IU/mL. We observed a decreasing attack rate of subclinical MV infection with increasing levels of specific antibodies until 2.1 IU/mL, above which no subclinical MV infections were detected. The ROC analyses found a correlate of protection of 1.71 IU/mL (95% CI 1.01–2.11) for subclinical MV infection. Our correlates of protection were consistent with previous estimates. This information supports the analyses of serosurveys to detect immunity gaps that require targeted intervention strategies.

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Measles Vaccines

Cited by 39 publications

References 733 publications

Prevalence of Measles Antibodies in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil: A serological survey model

Prevalence of Measles Antibodies in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil: A serological survey model

Interpreting pathogen genetic diversity during measles epidemics

Additional Evidence on Serological Correlates of Protection against Measles: An Observational Cohort Study among Once Vaccinated Children Exposed to Measles

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