Measles virus genetic evolution throughout an imported epidemic outbreak in a highly vaccinated population

Muñoz-Alía, Miguel Ángel; Fernández-Muñoz, Rafael; Casasnovas, José M.; Porras-Mansilla, R; Serrano-Pardo, Ángela; Pagán, Israel; Ordobás, María; Ramirez, Rosa Margarita Gelvez; Celma, María Luisa

doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.015

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Results showed that the mean nucleotide substitution rate of N gene is 2.78 × 10 −3 [95% highest posterior density (HPD) interval: 7.2 × 10 −4 to 4.96 × 10 −3 ] substitutions per site per year, which was estimated using the uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock-constant population growth model combination that was determined as the best-fitting model (Table 2). These estimates are similar to previously reported mean mutation rates of MeV in Spain: 3.0 × 10 −3 substitutions/site/year for genotype C2 MeV from 1992 to 1993; 5.0 × 10 −4 substitutions/site/year for genotype D6 from 1993 to 1996 [12]; and 2.66 × 10 −3 substitutions/site/year for genotype B3 MeV in 2006 [13]. Similar estimate was also reported for genotype H1 MeV in China, from 1993 to 2012 with 1.65 × 10 −3 substitutions/site/year [14].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Genetic characterization of measles virus in the Philippines, 2008–2011

et al. 2015

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BackgroundLarge outbreaks of measles occurred in the Philippines in 2010 and 2011. Genetic analysis was performed to identify the genotype of measles virus (MeV) that was responsible for the large outbreaks.MethodsA total of 114 representative MeVs that were detected in the Philippines from 2008 to 2011 were analyzed by sequencing the C-terminal region of nucleocapsid (N) gene and partial hemagglutinin (H) gene and by inferring the phylogenetic trees.ResultsGenetic analysis showed that genotype D9 was the predominant circulating strain during the 4-year study period. Genotype D9 was detected in 23 samples (92%) by N gene sequencing and 93 samples (94%) by H gene analysis. Sporadic cases of genotype G3 MeV were identified in 2 samples (8%) by N gene sequencing and 6 samples (6%) by H gene analysis. Genotype G3 MeV was detected mainly in Panay Island in 2009 and 2010. Molecular clock analysis of N gene showed that the recent genotype D9 viruses that caused the big outbreaks in 2010 and 2011 diverged from a common ancestor in 2005 in one of the neighboring Southeast Asian countries, where D9 was endemic. These big outbreaks of measles resulted in a spillover and were associated with genotype D9 MeV importation to Japan and the USA.ConclusionGenotype D9 MeV became endemic and caused two big outbreaks in the Philippines in 2010 and 2011. Genotype G3 MeV was detected sporadically with limited geographic distribution. This study highlights the importance of genetic analysis not only in helping with the assessment of measles elimination program in the country but also in elucidating the transmission dynamics of measles virus.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1201-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Genetic characterization of measles virus in the Philippines, 2008–2011

et al. 2015

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“…Future research should therefore focus on insuring against such an eventuality. One option is to concentrate analysis on the ectodomain region of the H ORF, as is the case for MeV [73], since these data can also be translated into functional information on receptor binding [74] or antigenicity [75], while still providing sufficient data to cluster the viruses phylogenetically along similar lines to the existing N-and F-based systems (Fig. 3).…”

Section: Novel Tools In the Pipelinementioning

confidence: 99%

Future research to underpin successful peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) eradication

Baron

Diop

Njeumi

et al. 2017

Journal of General Virology

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Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a significant pathogen of small ruminants and is prevalent in much of Africa, the Near and Middle East and Asia. Despite the availability of an efficacious and cheap live-attenuated vaccine, the virus has continued to spread, with its range stretching from Morocco in the west to China and Mongolia in the east. Some of the world's poorest communities rely on small ruminant farming for subsistence and the continued endemicity of PPRV is a constant threat to their livelihoods. Moreover, PPRV's effects on the world's population are felt broadly across many economic, agricultural and social situations. This far-reaching impact has prompted the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) to develop a global strategy for the eradication of this virus and its disease. PPRV is a morbillivirus and, given the experience of these organizations in eradicating the related rinderpest virus, the eradication of PPRV should be feasible. However, there are many critical areas where basic and applied virological research concerning PPRV is lacking. The purpose of this review is to highlight areas where new research could be performed in order to guide and facilitate the eradication programme. These areas include studies on disease transmission and epidemiology, the existence of wildlife reservoirs and the development of next-generation vaccines and diagnostics. With the support of the international virology community, the successful eradication of PPRV can be achieved.

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“…Unavailability of electrical power, isolation from populated areas, and inappropriate transportation may have interrupted cold continuum. However, another important cause is genetic mutations in the virus which causes outbreaks in a population with high vaccination coverage (16, 17). According to national protocol in 2008, the second vaccination dose changed from 4–6 years to 18 months, and children between 18 months to 6 years old were exited from active mandatory vaccination in the second phase (6).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A report of outbreaks of measles on the southern coast of Iran from 2009 to 2015

et al. 2017

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IntroductionImmunogenicity assessment figures of the measles vaccine is approximately 90%, and decreases over time. Therefore, the immunity level of measles vaccine is variable which can result in outbreaks of measles in a population. The aim of current study was to report the outbreaks of measles in Hormozgan province from 2009 to 2015.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was carried out in Hormozgan Province on the southern coast of Iran. The documented data of all cases suspected of measles are included in this study. We used a checklist including gender, age, area, place of residence, contact history, and vaccination status to extract required data. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics software version 21.0.ResultsEight hundred fifty-one suspicious cases of measles were determined from 2006 to 2015. Of those, 135 infected cases were reported. Among patients, 49% were male, 79% were Iranian, 18% were Afghans, and 3 % were Indians or Pakistanis. Also, 31% of cases were reported from Bandar Abbas, 25% were reported from Minab, 18% from Qeshm, 17 % from Jask and other cases were reported from other areas of the Hormozgan Province. Thirty percent of the cases were reported from urban areas.ConclusionA high percentage of cases with measles in rural areas were reported in the areas which were covered by complete vaccination. This shows interruption of cold continuum. Also, increasing the number of under one-years-old cases reported, could be due to poor nutritional status of the children and insufficient immunization of mothers. Further studies are required for identifying the causes of cold continuum interruption. Further studies are required for the assessment of immunization in children and mothers and various vaccination protocols.

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Measles virus genetic evolution throughout an imported epidemic outbreak in a highly vaccinated population

Cited by 20 publications

References 29 publications

Genetic characterization of measles virus in the Philippines, 2008–2011

Genetic characterization of measles virus in the Philippines, 2008–2011

Future research to underpin successful peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) eradication

A report of outbreaks of measles on the southern coast of Iran from 2009 to 2015

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