Measurement and Detection of Radiation

Tsoulfanidis, Nicholas; Landsberger, Sheldon

doi:10.1201/b18203

Cited by 203 publications

(303 citation statements)

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“…, the efficiency term

ξ_{j} (X, μ_{s})

, which brings into play the attenuation coefficient

μ_{s}

, is the only variable that depends on the tracer position and the most challenging term to evaluate. By definition, the efficiency is the fraction of emitted gamma rays that hit a given detector as they travel across the system . As there is no analytical solution for this efficiency, except in some simple cases, a Monte Carlo technique has been devised to compute it …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More precisely, it should be able to predict event counts resulting from two tracers located at two given positions. In fact, because of the dead time of the acquisition system, the superposition property does not hold for the measured event counts . However, this property is still correct for the actual event count rate associated to detector

j

N_{j}^{(A, B)} ({bold-italicX}_{normalA}, {bold-italicX}_{normalB}) = N_{j}^{normalA} ({bold-italicX}_{normalA}) + N_{j}^{normalB} ({bold-italicX}_{normalB})

where

N_{j}^{(A, B)} true({bold-italicX}_{normalA}, {bold-italicX}_{normalB} true)

is the actual event count rate resulting from both tracers A and B at positions

{bold-italicX}_{normalA}

and

{bold-italicX}_{normalB}

, with respect to detector

j

.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A multiple radioactive particle tracking technique to investigate particulate flows

2014

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Radioactive particle tracking is a nonintrusive technique that has been successfully used to study the flow dynamics in a wide range of reactors and blenders. However, it is still limited to the tracking of only one tracer at a time. A multiple radioactive particle tracking (MRPT) technique that can determine the trajectory of two free or restricted (attached to the same particle) moving tracers in a system is introduced. The accuracy (<5 mm) and precision (<5 mm) of the proposed technique is evaluated by tracking two stationary tracers and two moving tracers. The results confirm the reliability and validity of the MRPT technique when the two tracers have the same isotope and the distance between them is not too small (>2 cm). The tracking of two sticking tracers at the two ends of a cylindrical particle in a rotating drum is also considered to illustrate the potential of this characterization method.

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“…, the efficiency term

ξ_{j} (X, μ_{s})

, which brings into play the attenuation coefficient

μ_{s}

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

j

N_{j}^{(A, B)} ({bold-italicX}_{normalA}, {bold-italicX}_{normalB}) = N_{j}^{normalA} ({bold-italicX}_{normalA}) + N_{j}^{normalB} ({bold-italicX}_{normalB})

where

N_{j}^{(A, B)} true({bold-italicX}_{normalA}, {bold-italicX}_{normalB} true)

is the actual event count rate resulting from both tracers A and B at positions

{bold-italicX}_{normalA}

and

{bold-italicX}_{normalB}

, with respect to detector

j

.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multiple radioactive particle tracking technique to investigate particulate flows

2014

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“…Source self-absorption will result in a reduction of kinetic energy of emitted electrons in addition to altering their number. To estimate self-absorption effect we assumed that the source was a uniform deposit of radioisotope Ni-63 emitting beta particles of a specific activity A s and the emitted particles followed a known attenuation law [18]. Apparent activity of a source without backscattering is related to source thickness according to the following law…”

Section: A Source Self-absorption Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Model for Ni-63 Source for Betavoltaic Application

et al. 2020

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A mathematical model of Ni-63 source for betavoltaic batteries is presented, based on Monte Carlo calculation. Trajectories of beta particles are simulated in Ni-63 source until their escape or total energy dissipation. Analysis of the effect of physical and technological factors on the performance of a source is carried out. Special attention is given to self-absorption and substrate backscattering because of their impact on power emission. Addition of a protective layer diminishes the source emission because of further absorption. The model has been tested successfully for Ni-63/GaN structure.

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“…A photon can interact with matter mainly via three processes: the photoelectric effect, the Compton scattering, and the pair production-annihilation [10]. Through these phenomena, the energy of the γ rays is deposited in a given material in the form of kinetic energy of electrons.…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Training Future Engineers to Be Ghostbusters: Hunting for the Spectral Environmental Radioactivity

et al. 2019

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Although environmental radioactivity is all around us, the collective public imagination often associates a negative feeling to this natural phenomenon. To increase the familiarity with this phenomenon we have designed, implemented, and tested an interdisciplinary educational activity for pre-collegiate students in which nuclear engineering and computer science are ancillary to the comprehension of basic physics concepts. Teaching and training experiences are performed by using a 4" × 4" NaI(Tl) detector for in-situ and laboratory γ-ray spectroscopy measurements. Students are asked to directly assemble the experimental setup and to manage the data-taking with a dedicated Android app, which exploits a client-server system that is based on the Bluetooth communication protocol. The acquired γ-ray spectra and the experimental results are analyzed using a multiple-platform software environment and they are finally shared on an open access Web-GIS service. These all-round activities combining theoretical background, hands-on setup operations, data analysis, and critical synthesis of the results were demonstrated to be effective in increasing students' awareness in quantitatively investigating environmental radioactivity. Supporting information to the basic physics concepts provided in this article can be found at http://www.fe.infn.it/radioactivity/educational.

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Measurement and Detection of Radiation

Cited by 203 publications

References 0 publications

A multiple radioactive particle tracking technique to investigate particulate flows

A multiple radioactive particle tracking technique to investigate particulate flows

A Model for Ni-63 Source for Betavoltaic Application

Training Future Engineers to Be Ghostbusters: Hunting for the Spectral Environmental Radioactivity

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