“…A 70-hp water-cooled diesel engine was initially devised to verify XE operation and basic principles [12], and a 70-cc air-cooled gasoline engine was subsequently applied to a small cart [13]. Recent research has continued to improve durability, heat transfer performance, and sealing performance aimed at developing emergency engines (range-extenders) for generators, small aircraft, and electric vehicles [14,15]. However, the X2 rotary engine, the successor to the first XE, suffered from a large surface area for the fuel-air mixture and a large engine wall, resulting in a large flameout volume, a major disadvantage for rotary engines, and was prone to emitting considerable amounts of unburned gas, constituting a further critical challenge.…”