“…Despite extensive research on isochoric heating of thin solid targets over the last two decades, there is no consensus on the dominant heating mechanism among resistive heating 16,17,18,19,20 , drag heating 21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28 , diffusion 1,3,29 , and both drag and resistive heating 30,31,32,33,34 . The current puzzle is that bulk electron temperatures (Te) estimated span a wide range from tens of eV to 5 keV 35 at similar laser and target conditions.…”