Measurement by ICP-MS of lead in plasma and whole blood of lead workers and controls.

Schütz, Andrejs; Bergdahl, Ingvar A.; Ekholm, A; Skerfving, Staffan

doi:10.1136/oem.53.11.736

Cited by 153 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This prompted government agencies to require laboratories to analyze standard samples, some of which are routinely below 2 μg/dL (OSHA, 2006). Although routine and accurate analysis of BLLs below 2 μg/dL may challenge some laboratories, the technology and methodology have been readily available for over 10 years (Schutz et al, 1996) and instrumentation companies offer equipment for low level lead analysis by techniques such as anodic stripping voltammetry (e.g., ESA Biosciences, Chelmsford, MA). No technical argument can be enlisted for not establishing routine assessment and monitoring of very low BLLs.…”

Section: The Rationale For a 2 μG/dl Action Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A rationale for lowering the blood lead action level from 10 to 2μg/dL

Gilbert¹,

2006

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Fifteen years ago, in 1991, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) established 10 μg/dL as the lowest level of concern for children's blood lead levels. This value is extremely important because, historically, policy makers and public health officials generally have acted to remove sources of lead exposure only after the CDC's level of concern had been exceeded. A growing body of evidence, however, reveals that blood lead levels below 10 μg/dL may impair neurobehavioral development. There is now sufficient and compelling scientific evidence for the CDC to lower the blood lead action level in children. This review argues that a level of 2 μg/dL is a useful and feasible replacement. Although it can be argued, in turn, that no threshold for the health effects of lead is demonstrable, analytically a blood level of 2 μg/dL is readily and accurately measured and provides a benchmark for successful prevention. Lowering the level of concern would encourage and accelerate the investments needed to ensure that children are protected from lead exposure in their homes, schools, and play settings. Such a program would also offer economic advantages because of the coupling between lead, educational attainment, earnings and anti-social conduct. By lowering the blood action level, CDC will promote policies and initiatives designed to further reduce children's exposure to this potent developmental neurotoxicant.

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Section: The Rationale For a 2 μG/dl Action Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A rationale for lowering the blood lead action level from 10 to 2μg/dL

Gilbert¹,

2006

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“…Recently, we presented a new method for determining P-Pb using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (2). The method had a precision superior to that of previous ones, and P-Pb was proposed as a means of biologically monitoring lead exposure and risk.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentration of lead in human plasma (P-Pb) and serum (S-Pb) has been shown to be very low, usually less than 1% of that in whole blood (B-Pb), but with the percentage increasing with rising lead levels (1,2). The small fraction in plasma may be the most relevant for distribution to, for example, the bone marrow, kidney, nervous system, and fetus, and thus of greatest toxicologic interest.…”

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confidence: 99%

Lead concentrations in human plasma, urine and whole blood

Bergdahl

Schütz²,

Gerhardsson³

et al. 1997

Scand J Work Environ Health

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Objectives Blood-lead levels (B-Pb), and to some extent urinary lead (U-Pb), are the most employed measures of lead exposure and risk. However, the small fraction of lead present in plasma (usually below 1 % of that in blood) is probably more relevant to lead exposure and toxicity. Nevertheless, the lead content of plasma lead (P-Pb) has only seldom been used, mainly due to analytical limitations, which have now been overcome. We examined P-Pb in occupationally exposed subjects, as well as its relationship with B-Pb and U-Pb. Methods Blood samples were obtained from 145 male workers, 110 of whom were employed in lead work. After a simple dilution of plasma, P-Pb was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The detection limit was 0.04 kgll, and the imprecision was 5%. Results The lead concentration ranges were 0.20-37 kg11 for P-Pb, 0.9-176 kg11 (density adjusted) for U-Pb, and 9-930 kg11 for B-Pb. A close exponential relation was obtained between B-Pb and P-Pb. When B-Pb was plotted versus log P-Pb, a straight line (log P-Pb = 0.00225 . B-Pb -0.58; r = 0.97) was obtained. Both the relation between U-Pb and P-Pb and that between U-Pb and B-Pb showed a large scattering (r = 0.78 in both cases). The relation to B-Pb appeared to be exponential, while that to P-Pb appeared to be linear. C O~C~U S~O~S The low detection limit and good precision of P-Pb determinations make it possible to use P-Pb in assessments of lead exposure and risk. Furthermore, in relative terms, P-Pb is a more sensitive measure than B-Pb, especially at high lead levels. This development is of importance for studies of exposure, possibly also for studies of risks.

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“…After absorption into blood plasma, lead is quicltly taken up by the red blood cells, which contain about 99% of the lead in whole blood (5). Thus far, lead in whole blood (B-Pb) has been the main indicator medium used for the biological ~nonitoring of humans.…”

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of selected publications on reference values for lead in blood

Gerhardsson

Kazantzis²,

Schütz³

1996

Scand J Work Environ Health

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. Evaluation of selected publications on reference values for lead in blood. 1996;22:325-31. Scand J Work Environ HealthAs a part of the global Tracy project, whose aim is to define metal concentrations in tissues and body fluids of reference populations, more than 1000 papers published from 1980 to 1994 were scrutinized that presented tentative reference values for lead in blood in occupationally unexposed adult populations. Ten studies exemplifying criteria for proper sampling, analysis and data treatment are presented and discussed. Levels of lead in blood are influenced by numerous factors. Accordingly, a wide variation in blood lead concentrations was observed. As an example, in a global study in 1983 of nonsmoking female schoolteachers, the geometric mean value for lead in blood varied from 52 yg . I-' in Tolcyo, Japan, up to 193 yg . I-' in Mexico City. The Tracy survey de~uonstrates the importance of factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, food, drinking and smoking habits, hobbies, season and year of sampling, residential area, and geographic location. Lead in blood was shown to be both time and area specific. Thus it was not possible to establish a general reference value for lead in blood.Key terms inorganic lead.Lead has many uses in society. World-wide emission of lead occurs through the use of leaded gasoline (1). Industrial emissions may also contribute, in some areas, to increased lead levels in air, food, and water. Lead has been a constituent in house paint in some countries (2). Furthermore, the use of lead pipes in fresh water systems and the use of lead-glazed household ceramics may substantially increase lead intake (3).The absorption of lead from the gastroi~ltestinal tract is about 10% in adults, but can be considerably higher in children (4). It increases when a person's diet is deficient in calcium and iron. In occupational settings, the main intake is through inhalation. Absorption through the respiratory tract is influenced by the size and solubility of the inhaled particles.After absorption into blood plasma, lead is quicltly taken up by the red blood cells, which contain about 99% of the lead in whole blood (5). Thus far, lead in whole blood (B-Pb) has been the main indicator medium used for the biological ~nonitoring of humans. As an indicator of exposure and of internal dose, B-Pb is a mandatory requirement for the biological monitoring of lead-exposed worl

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Measurement by ICP-MS of lead in plasma and whole blood of lead workers and controls.

Cited by 153 publications

References 35 publications

A rationale for lowering the blood lead action level from 10 to 2μg/dL

A rationale for lowering the blood lead action level from 10 to 2μg/dL

Lead concentrations in human plasma, urine and whole blood

Evaluation of selected publications on reference values for lead in blood

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