Measurement of diallyl disulfide and allyl methyl sulfide emanating from human skin surface and influence of ingestion of grilled garlic

Abstract

Diallyl disulfide (DADS) and allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) have been known as a metabolic product of sulfur-containing foods, typically garlic. The odour of such organosulfur compounds following garlic ingestion is often considered as an unpleasant element. Although previous studies have identified the DADS and AMS associated with garlic breath, no study has been reported on the determination of both compounds emanating from human skin surface. This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of garlic ingestion on the dermal emissions of DADS and AMS using a passive flux sampler coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Firstly, baseline levels were investigated for 30 healthy volunteers in their daily life. The results of 1 h-sampling at the forearm showed the emission fluxes of both compounds followed the lognormal distribution with a geometric mean of 0.18 ng cm−2 h−1 for DADS and 0.22 ng cm−2 h−1 for AMS. Subsequently, the garlic ingestion tests were conducted for selected volunteers. The emission flux of DADS increased just after grilled garlic ingestion and decreased gradually thereafter. In contrast, the dermal emission flux of AMS reached a peak at 30 min after ingestion, and then gradually decreased. This peak shift suggests AMS is relatively latent in the skin organs.

Phytogenic Bioactive Compounds Shape Fish Mucosal Immunity

“…Similar to the terpene phenolic compounds, the organosulfur compounds have also recognized antipathogenic and antioxidant properties, in addition to their common ability to activate TRP channels that modulate inflammatory processes. Since in higher vertebrates dermal emission of organosulfur compounds were demonstrated after garlic ingestion (147). In this sense, the efflux of organosulfur compounds through the integument could be also playing a critical role in the recurrently reported effects of dietary garlic and other aromatic plants in fish mucus, as previously referred for carvacrol and 1,8-cineole.…”

Garlic as a vampire deterrent: fact or fiction?

“…The malodourous volatiles from garlic are formulated following digestion and released in the breath as well as from the skin. 13 The transport of these gases is accelerated by perspiration (a reaction to acute stress, like that of a vampire attack) and emitted from the skin 30 minutes after ingestion of 50-100 g of garlic (one to two bulbs of garlic), with the highest emissions from the neck, which is the main striking point of vampires. 13 Emission of the gases from skin only lasts for 8 hours after ingestion, indicating that this treatment may need to be given three times daily.…”

“…13 The transport of these gases is accelerated by perspiration (a reaction to acute stress, like that of a vampire attack) and emitted from the skin 30 minutes after ingestion of 50-100 g of garlic (one to two bulbs of garlic), with the highest emissions from the neck, which is the main striking point of vampires. 13 Emission of the gases from skin only lasts for 8 hours after ingestion, indicating that this treatment may need to be given three times daily. Importantly, the volatiles are insoluble in water and are released in sebum with sweat, which reduces their chance of being washed away by water (eg, if caught in the rain).…”

“…Importantly, the volatiles are insoluble in water and are released in sebum with sweat, which reduces their chance of being washed away by water (eg, if caught in the rain). Furthermore, given gases are emitted from the skin with sebum, 13 this prophylactic mechanism may provide added protection in individuals with increased sebum productions such as adolescents and young adults, which is beneficial, as it protects the more fertile humans and ensures the continuity of our species. High doses of garlic provide optimal protection, reflecting the "go early, go hard" public health approach used successfully in the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.…”

“…The requisite dose for such an intervention would be one to two cloves of garlic per day per person for lowering blood pressure, and one to two bulbs per day for the effective sweating of garlic volatiles from the skin. 13 The authors would recommend aiming for the higher dose intervention because garlic odour produced at the community level would provide herd immunity against vampires, as well as protecting conscientious garlic objectors.…”