Measurement of diffuse and plane of array irradiance by a combination of a pyranometer and an all-sky imager

Blum, Niklas; Wilbert, Stefan; Nouri, Bijan; Lezaca, Jorge; Huckebrink, David; Kazantzidis, Andreas; Heinemann, Detlev; Zarzalejo, Luis F.; Jiménez, M.J.; Pitz‐Paal, Robert

doi:10.1016/j.solener.2021.11.064

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Comparing the recent work combining pyrometer data with sky imaging (Blum et al, 2022), we have shown an alternative method using a custom shortwave thermopile sensor that unlike a standard CMOS camera sensor provides an accurate and full spectrum measurement of the shortwave irradiance.…”

Section: Discussion and Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resolving Radiant: Combining Spatially Resolved Longwave and Shortwave Measurements to Improve the Understanding of Radiant Heat Flux Reflections and Heterogeneity

Merchant¹,

Meggers²,

Hou³

et al. 2022

Front. Sustain. Cities

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We introduce and demonstrate new measurement and modeling techniques to fully resolve the spatial variation in shortwave and longwave radiant heat transfer in the outdoor environment. We demonstrate for the first time a way to directly resolve the shortwave radiant heat transfer from terrestrial reflected and diffuse sky components along with the standard direct solar radiation using an adapted thermopile array and ray-tracing modeling techniques validated by 6-direction net radiometer. Radiant heat transfer is a major component of heat experienced in cities. It has significant spatial variability that is most easily noticed as one moves between shade and direct solar exposure. But even on a cloudy and warm day the invisible longwave infrared thermal radiation from warm surfaces makes up a larger fraction of heat experienced than that caused by convection with surrounding air. Under warm or hot climate conditions in cities, radiant heat transfer generally accounts for the majority of heat transfer to people. Both the shortwave (visible/solar) and the longwave (infrared/thermal) have significant spatial variation. We demonstrate sensor methods and data analysis techniques to resolve how these radiant fluxes can change the heat experienced by >1 kWm−2 across small distances. The intense solar shortwave radiation is easily recognized outdoors, but longwave is often considered negligible. Longwave radiation from heat stored in urban surfaces is more insidious as it can cause changes invisible to the eye. We show how it changes heat experienced by >200 Wm−2. These variations are very common and also occur at the scale of a few meters.

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Section: Discussion and Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the field of solar radiation measurement studies have been carried out using novel combinations of sensors to better resolve sky radiation as demonstrated in published work (Blum et al, 2022). Here a precise pyranometer was combined with a sky imager to improve the resolution of the precise data from the pyranometer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resolving Radiant: Combining Spatially Resolved Longwave and Shortwave Measurements to Improve the Understanding of Radiant Heat Flux Reflections and Heterogeneity

Merchant¹,

Meggers²,

Hou³

et al. 2022

Front. Sustain. Cities

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“…The external orientation, i.e. the azimuth deviation from geographical north, is calculated during full moon nights detecting the moons position relative to the cameras orientation as proposed by Blum et al [8].…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A network of all sky imagers (ASI) enabling accurate and high-resolution very short-term forecasts of solar irradiance

Schmidt¹,

Stührenberg²,

Blum³

et al. 2023

IET Conf. Proc.

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The Eye2Sky network is a measurement network in north-western Germany consisting of multiple all-sky imagers (ASI), meteorological and solar irradiance measurements. The network provides high temporal and spatial resolution data for meteorological and especially solar energy related applications. With increasing photovoltaic (PV) capacity in electrical grids fluctuations in solar irradiance due to changing cloud cover may have adverse effects on the grid stability. Within Eye2Sky, new technologies and methodologies facing the demand for more accurate solar irradiance forecasts are being developed. The ASIs used in Eye2Sky record 180° field of view hemispherical sky images from fish-eye lensed cameras. Accompanied with local measurements of solar irradiance components (global, direct and diffuse) a very short-term forecast of the solar resource is possible. These nowcasts provide minutely updated information up to 20 minutes ahead with 1-minute temporal and 50 m x 50 m spatial resolution. This approach shows more precise forecasting results for the next minutes ahead compared to traditional and less detailed methods based on satellite or numerical weather prediction models. In the network, multiple ASIs are used to enlarge the spatial coverage and the forecast horizon requested by many applications. Moreover, the forecast error can be reduced with a network of cameras. In this article, the Eye2Sky network, its research results and applications are introduced.

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“…Determining the irradiance incident on the plane of the array (POA) as a function of time is a crucial step in calculating photovoltaic system performance. Several factors influence the plane of the array irradiance like orientation of the PV modules, shading, Sun position, latitude, longitude, and weather conditions (Nour et al, 2019;Meyers, 2021;Blum et al, 2022). The plane of array irradiance of the site is 206.3 kWh/ m 2 in May and 99.7 kWh/m 2 in the February.…”

Section: Particulate Matter Concentration Impact On the Photovoltaic ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of dust pollutants and the impact of suspended particulate matter on the performance of photovoltaic systems

Tamoor

Hussain²,

Bhatti³

et al. 2022

Front. Energy Res.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of airborne particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and its impact on the performance of the photovoltaic (PV) system installed in the Sargodha region, being affected by the crushing activities in the hills. More than 100 stone crushers are operating in this region. Four stations within this region are selected for taking samples during the summer and winter seasons. Glass–fiber papers are used as a collection medium for particulate matter (PM) in a high-volume sampler. The concentration of PM is found above the permissible limit at all selected sites. The chemical composition, concentration, and the formation of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) layers on the surface of the photovoltaic module varies significantly depending on the site’s location and time. The accumulation of PM layers on the PV module surface is one of the operating environmental factors that cause significant reduction in PV system performance. Consequently, it leads to power loss, reduction of service life, and increase in module temperature. For the PV system’s performance analysis, two PV systems are installed at the site, having higher PM concentration. One system is cleaned regularly, while the other remains dusty. The data of both PV systems are measured and compared for 4 months (2 months for the summer season and 2 months for the winter season). It is found that when the level of suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) increases, the energy generation of the dusty PV system (compared to the cleaned one) is reduced by 7.48% in May, 7.342% in June, 10.68% in December, and 8.03% in January. Based on the obtained results, it is recommended that the negative impact of PM on the performance of the PV system should be considered carefully during the decision-making process of setting solar energy generation targets in the regions with a high level of particulate matter.

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Measurement of diffuse and plane of array irradiance by a combination of a pyranometer and an all-sky imager

Cited by 10 publications

References 47 publications

Resolving Radiant: Combining Spatially Resolved Longwave and Shortwave Measurements to Improve the Understanding of Radiant Heat Flux Reflections and Heterogeneity

Resolving Radiant: Combining Spatially Resolved Longwave and Shortwave Measurements to Improve the Understanding of Radiant Heat Flux Reflections and Heterogeneity

A network of all sky imagers (ASI) enabling accurate and high-resolution very short-term forecasts of solar irradiance

Investigation of dust pollutants and the impact of suspended particulate matter on the performance of photovoltaic systems

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