Measurement of Football Ground Hardness Using the Racetrack Penetrometer

Orchard, J. W.

doi:10.1097/00005768-199905001-01782

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…This coincided with the first observations that ACL injuries were more common in the warmer parts of Australia and efforts to change the preparation of the playing surface in response to these observations. 23,25,26,29,39 Generally, the rate of head and neck injuries in the AFL is low, particularly relative to the other football codes that allow upper body tackling (American football, rugby league, and rugby union). There has been a gradual toughening of the definition of illegal contact to the head over the past decade, and recent analysis has shown a reduction in the rate of facial fractures in the AFL since 2005, 45 consistent with the significant decrease in head and neck injury incidence over the 21-year period of this study (P \ .05).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Results of 2 Decades of Injury Surveillance and Public Release of Data in the Australian Football League

2013

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Results of 2 Decades of Injury Surveillance and Public Release of Data in the Australian Football League

2013

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The AFL penetrometer study: Work in progress

Orchard

2001

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

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Rainfall, evaporation and the risk of non‐contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in the Australian Football League

Orchard

Seward

McGivern

et al. 1999

Medical Journal of Australia

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Objective To determine if weather conditions affect the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear in Australian Football. Design Prospective observational analytic study of football matches. Setting The Australian Football League (AFL), a professional competition. Participants All players in 2280 matches from 1992‐1998. Main outcome measures Surgically‐proven ACL injury, not involving a direct contact mechanism, during a match; rainfall; water evaporation. Results 59 ACL injuries not involving direct contact occurred during the study period, more commonly in cities north of Melbourne (xz=17.0; df=1; P<0.001). Senior grade matches (relative risk [RR], 3.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.52‐ 6.03), high water evaporation in the month before the match (RR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.53‐ 5.10) and low rainfall in the year before the match (RR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.12‐3.34) were significantly associated with these injuries. Conclusion Low water evaporation and high rainfall significantly lower the risk of ACL injuries in AFL footballers. The likely mechanism is a softening of the ground, which lowers shoe‐surface traction. Consistent extra watering and covering of grounds during periods of high water evaporation may lower the rate of ACL injuries.

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Measurement of Football Ground Hardness Using the Racetrack Penetrometer

Cited by 3 publications

References 3 publications

Results of 2 Decades of Injury Surveillance and Public Release of Data in the Australian Football League

Results of 2 Decades of Injury Surveillance and Public Release of Data in the Australian Football League

The AFL penetrometer study: Work in progress

Rainfall, evaporation and the risk of non‐contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in the Australian Football League

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