Measurement of Mental Impairment in Geriatric Practice

Isaacs, Bernard; Walkey, Frank A.

doi:10.1159/000244817

Cited by 25 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…A total of 136 patients in a psychogeriatric department (mean age 76.4) were evaluated by members of the nursing staff on behavioural variables (mobility, washing, dressing, eating, control of bladder and bowels, ability to communicate, orientation in space, recognition of persons, participation, hobbies, sleep, quietness). This dementia test, which is a modification of Isaacs and Walkey's [1964] test, was carried out on 124 of the patients. The results suggested that some behavioural activities disappear at the onset of dementia, whereas others are not lost until a late phase.…”

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confidence: 99%

Behavioural Activities in Demented Geriatric Patients

Ferm

1974

Geront clin

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A total of 136 patients in a psychogeriatric department (mean age 76.4) were evaluated by members of the nursing staff on behavioural variables (mobility, washing, dressing, eating, control of bladder and bowels, ability to communicate, orientation in space, recognition of persons, participation, hobbies, sleep, quietness). This dementia test, which is a modification of Isaacs and Walkey’s [1964] test, was carried out on 124 of the patients. The results suggested that some behavioural activities disappear at the onset of dementia, whereas others are not lost until a late phase. Certain abilities are lost within a relatively short period, while others deteriorate more slowly. It further seemed that demented old people can be classified confidently into different degree-of-dementia groups in terms of psychometric test scores. The test scores correlated well with the ability to communicate (r = 0.82), orientation in space (r = 0.76) and recognition of persons (r = 0.74), and they also bore a marked positive relationship to most of the other behavioural variables.

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confidence: 99%

Behavioural Activities in Demented Geriatric Patients

Ferm

1974

Geront clin

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“…Ten questions concerning significant events or items were presented to the subjects (Isaacs and Walkey, 1964). The original short-and long-term memory questionnaires had been previously adapted and standardized for Finland (Perm, 1974).…”

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confidence: 99%

Efficacy and Side Effects of Lorazepam, Oxazepam, and Temazepam as Sleeping Aids in Psychogeriatric Inpatients

Linnoila¹,

Viukari²,

Lamminsivu³

et al. 1980

Int Pharmacopsychiatry

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The efficacy and side effects of 2 mg of lorazepam, 30 mg of oxazepam, and 20 mg of temazepam as sleeping aids were investigated in 20 psychogeriatric inpatients. The drugs were administered in a random order, double-blind, for 7 night each. All of these short half-life benzodiazepines proved efficacious in maintaining sleep. None of them reduced initial sleep latency. Oxazepam and to a lesser degree temazepam induced withdrawal insomnia during the first night after the treatments. The withdrawal of lorazepam induced a delayed but prolonged insomnia in 3 patients. Both lorazepam and oxazepam had muscle relaxant side effects after awakening.

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“…The 15 items in OBS 1 concern the patient's awareness of and orientation to own data (name, place of birth, time of birth, age), time, place and current knowledge about some general topics (see appendix). The items are in all respects the ordinary questions in a clinical evaluation of patients with organic brain failure (Kahn et al, 1960;Isaacs and Walkey, 1964;Irving et al, 1970). The items are rated on a four-point scale with a detailed description of each scoring level.…”

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A comparison between three psychogeriatric rating scales

Jensen

Dehlin

Gustafson

1993

Int J Geriat Psychiatry

100

103

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SUMMARYThis study compares a new psychogeriatric rating scale, the Organic Brain Syndrome (OBS) scale, which is a combined observation and interview scale, with two other scales. Twenty-eight elderly demented patients took part in the study. The OBS scale was compared to the Gottfries, BrPne and Steen (GBS) scale, the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scale and a global rating. The correlations between OBS, GBS and MMSE were high, showing that the concurrent validity is good. The ratings of the OBS scale were independent of the patient's physical disabilities as measured by Katz's index, ie the discriminant validity was good. The analyses show similarities and differences between the clinical dimensions described in the rating scales. The OBS scale contributes unique clinical information and is a valid instrument for assessment of dementia symptoms.KEY woms-Dementia, confusion, disorientation, geriatric rating scales, interview, psychogeriatrics.The evaluation of psychopathology in elderly patients has to rely on valid and reliable clinical instruments. The rating scales should enable the investigator to describe a clinical picture in detail and follow a disease process in patients suffering from dementia, delirium, and other organic brain syndromes.A main purpose of the present study was to evaluate a psychogeriatric rating scale-the Organic Brain Syndrome (OBS) scale-by comparison with two other rating scales, the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Folstein et al., 1975) and the Gottfries, Brine and Steen (GBS) scale (Gottfries et al., 1982). The OBS scale was primarily devised for the description of patients with dementia and confusional states (Gustafson et al., 1985). It consists of two parts-one patient interview scale giving a short time perspective and one observation scale based on information from staff and caregivers giving a longer time perspective. Thus the OBS scale covers both reported symptoms and observed signs, and it contains more symptoms than can be expected from an interview or an observation scale only. The scale offers a broad description of the psychopathology of organic brain syndromes while also describing various fluctuations of the clinical state which often create a need for extra medical measures and nursing. The OBS scale covers not only primary cognitive dementia symptoms but also other emotional and conative symptoms which are frequently observed in organic brain syndromes but less frequently presented in the rating scales for these conditions.In addition to the MMSE and the GBS there exist many rating scales which could be suitable for evaluating a new rating scale, for instance the Sandoz Clinical Assessment Geriatric (SCAG) scale (Shader et al., 1974) and the Information/ Orientation (10) subtest of the Clifton Assessment Procedure (CAPE) (Pattie and Gilleard, 1979). But both the MMSE and the GBS are widely used and translated into many languages. In particular, there are routines for using these two rating scales in the Scandinavian area. Furthermore, GBS is a comprehe...

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Measurement of Mental Impairment in Geriatric Practice

Cited by 25 publications

References 3 publications

Behavioural Activities in Demented Geriatric Patients

Behavioural Activities in Demented Geriatric Patients

Efficacy and Side Effects of Lorazepam, Oxazepam, and Temazepam as Sleeping Aids in Psychogeriatric Inpatients

A comparison between three psychogeriatric rating scales

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