Measurement of second-order polarization-mode dispersion vectors in optical fibers

Uniform Polarization Scattering With Fiber-Coil-Based Polarization Controllers

“…In conclusion, (11), (21), and (24), in conjugation with (5), (6), (13), (14), (25), and (26), provide the three wave-plate angles in order to transform between any two SOP.…”

“…As we saw previously, the three PCs produce a more uniform scattering over the Poincaré sphere. PMD vectors were simulated using the Müller matrix method, with a 0.025-nm step and a 0.0083-nm interleave step [21]. We considered 120 different wavelengths, and for each wavelength, 250 statistically independent combinations for the PCs configuration angles were applied.…”

Measurement of high-order polarization mode dispersion

“…In a similar fashion to defining the PSP's and DGD to characterize the first-order PMD, we define (6) k as the kth-order principal states of PMD, and Imf (+) k 0 (0) k g as the kth-order Differential Group Delay Dispersion (DGDD) [7]. In the special case of k = 1; (6) 1 are the well-known PSP's, and the first-order DGDD is the ordinary DGD of the medium.…”

“…The 2 2 2 complex matrices, N k 's, are defined as the kth-order characteristic matrix of PMD. We denote the (column) eigenvectors and eigenvalues of N k as (6) k and (6) k , then (1) can be written in the canonical form: [7] T(! 0 + ) = T 0 2 P 1 Q 1 P 01 1 3 2 P 2 Q 2 P 01 2 3 .…”

“…Main drawbacks of these approaches include practical complexity to accommodate high-order PMD measurement and inconvenience for time-domain analysis such as calculating pulse deformation. Recently, Jopson et al proposed a new measurement method, the Müller matrix method (MMM) [6] to measure higher order PMD. It attains algorithmic simplicity by staying completely in the Stokes space and is also capable of obtaining relatively high signal-to-noise ratio by requiring less contingent control of the input polarization states.…”