Measurement of tear production and intraocular pressure in ducks and geese

Mood, Maneli Ansari; Rajaei, Seyed Mehdi; Hashemi, Sohail Ghazanfari; Williams, David L.; Sadjadi, Reza

doi:10.1111/vop.12351

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Given that there is an inter-specific difference in normal tear production in birds, reference values for each species need to be established (Table 5) [8][9][10][18][19][20][21][22][23]25,26,29,[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bald eagle (Haliaetus leucocephalus) 14 ± 2 mm/min STTI 3 [20] Brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) Eurasian black vulture (Aegypius monachus) OD 1 : 10.9 ± 3.3 mm/min OS 2 : 11.9 ± 3.3 mm/min STTI 3 STTI 3 [37] Eurasian Tawny owl (Strix aluco) 3.12 ± 1.92 mm/min STTI 3 [19] European kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) 6.20 ± 3.67 mm/min STTI 3 [19] Falconiformes (genus Falco) 30.6 ± 4.2 mm/15 s PRTT 6 [40] Geese (Anser anser) 5.5 ± 2.6 mm/min STTI 3 [25] Great grey owls (Strix nebulosa) 9.8 ± 2.8 mm/min STTI 3 [23] Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) OD 1 : 6.4 ± 1.8 mm/min OS 2 : 6.5 ± 1.8 mm/min STTI 3 STTI 3 [37] Helmeted Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) 16.5 ± 1.3 mm/15 s PRTT 6 [39] Table 5. Cont.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many IOP values have been reported using different tonometers in many bird species (Table 6) [1,4,[6][7][8][9][10][11]15,16,[18][19][20][22][23][24][25][26]33,34,38,39,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47]52].…”

Section: Species Tear Production Methods Used Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tear Production, Intraocular Pressure, Ultrasound Biometric Features and Conjunctival Flora Identification in Clinically Normal Eyes of Two Italian Breeds of Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Nardi

Leoni

Monticelli

et al. 2021

Animals

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Given the abundance of chickens in Italy, it is important for veterinarians to know the normal state of chickens’ eyes in order to identify any ophthalmic pathological changes. The aim of this study was to determine the normal values of select ocular parameters and to evaluate conjunctival microflora in two Italian chicken breeds. Sixty-six healthy chickens underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, which included a phenol red thread test (PRTT) for the evaluation of tear production and the assessment of intraocular pressure by rebound tonometry. B-mode ultrasound biometric measurements and conjunctival microflora identification were also performed in twenty-seven chickens. Mean PRTT was 23.77 ± 2.99 mm/15 s in the Livorno breed and 19.95 ± 2.81 mm/15 s in the Siciliana breed. Mean intraocular pressure was 14.3 ± 1.17 mmHg in the Livorno breed and 14.06 ± 1.15 mmHg in the Siciliana breed. Reference ranges for morphometric parameters were reported in the two breeds. Twenty-three chickens (85.18%) were bacteriologically positive. Chlamydia spp. antigen was detected in 14.81% of chickens. No positive cultures were obtained for fungi. Normal reference range values for selected ophthalmic parameters were obtained in clinically healthy chickens, which could facilitate accurate diagnosis and better management of ophthalmic diseases in these animals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tear Production, Intraocular Pressure, Ultrasound Biometric Features and Conjunctival Flora Identification in Clinically Normal Eyes of Two Italian Breeds of Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Nardi

Leoni

Monticelli

et al. 2021

Animals

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“…Rebound tonometry was selected for IOP measurements in this study because it is rapid, does not require topical anesthesia, can be performed on eyes with corneas as small as 1.4 mm in diameter, and is routinely used in avian and exotic animal species. 2,14,15,24–26,29 There is a need for species-specific reference intervals for IOP in birds, because broad ranges for different species have been reported historically. 29 Variations in avian IOP parameters are attributed to differences in corneal thickness that positively correlate with IOP in raptors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

OCULAR FINDINGS AND SELECT OPHTHALMIC DIAGNOSTIC TESTS IN CAPTIVE AMERICAN WHITE PELICANS (PELECANUS ERYTHRORHYNCHOS)

Kinney¹,

Ericsson²,

Franklin³

et al. 2017

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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The aim of this study was to establish normal ophthalmic parameters for select diagnostic tests in American white pelicans (Pelecanuserythrorhynchos). Twenty-one zoo-housed American white pelicans were manually restrained for noninvasive ocular diagnostic testing and complete ophthalmic examination. Tear production quantification using the phenol red thread test (PRTT), fluorescein staining, and intraocular pressure (IOP) evaluation were performed. In addition, conjunctival aerobic bacterial culture and culture-independent 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing were performed on select eyes. Normal variations and ocular abnormalities detected during complete ophthalmic examination were documented and photographed. Direct pupillary light reflex, menace response, and palpebral reflex were present in all birds. The value (mean ± SD) for PRRT and IOP was 14.9 ± 7.84 mm/15 sec and 9.0 ± 1.41 mm Hg oculus uterque, respectively. Conjunctival culture in nine birds revealed no growth for six birds and Staphylococcus aureus growth in three birds. A high relative abundance of Mycoplasma sp. was detected in all samples based on 16S rRNA sequencing. The normal pelican eye was found to have relative conjunctival hyperemia, absent filoplumes, iris color ranging from light blue to brown, and a subcircular vertically elongated pupil. Ophthalmic abnormalities were noted in 10 of 21 birds. Common findings included corneal fibrosis, cataracts, and asteroid hyalosis. The most common ophthalmic abnormality in this species was cataracts.

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“…The amount of tear produced serves as an important parameter for the assessment of the pathological condition of the ocular surface. The STT has long been the gold standard for determining the amount of tear production [21,[26][27][28][29][30]. Furthermore, the STT is the most commonly used test for diagnosing ocular diseases in veterinary medicine [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Reference Values for Tear Production and Intraocular Pressure in Pygoscelid Penguins of the Antarctic Peninsula † ‡

Bayram

İşler

Ekebaş

2022

Preprint

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According to literature review, this is the first study investigating tear production and intraocular pressure in pygoscelid penguins living in their natural habitat. This study also provides reference values for penguins kept under professional care at zoos and rehabilitation centres. This study aimed to establish normal values for standard ocular tests, including the Schirmer tear test (STT-1) and intraocular pressure test (IOP), for penguins belonging to the genus Pygoscelis (P), namely, the Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae), gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) and chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarctica) penguins. Ophthalmic measurements were made from the Antarctic. In the left eye of each penguin, the amount of tear production (TP) was determined with the STT-1 and the IOP was measured using a Tonovet® rebound tonometer. No macroscopic findings affecting the eyelids, third eyelid, cornea or anterior eye camera were detected in the eyes of the examined penguins. The mean STT-1 and mean IOP values of 129 and 120 adult penguins were determined as 10.163 ± 4.054 mm/min and 38.852 ± 13.188 mmHg, respectively. A statistical difference at the level of p < 0.001 was determined between the islands for the mean IOP values. While no statistically significant difference was detected between the penguin species for the mean IOP values, between the locations was found to be significant (p < 0.001). Statistical differences at a level of p < 0.05 were determined for the mean TP values between the all locations and for the mean IOP values between the all locations ( p < 0.001) and only Lions Rump - Ardley I (p = 0.023). A statistical difference of p < 0.05 was detected between the chinstrap and gentoo for the mean STT-1 values. This study, which is aimed at reporting the first literature data in this field, has shown the need for further more detailed studies to elucidate the impact of different locations, daily time intervals and seasons on the STT and IOP values of penguins.

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Measurement of tear production and intraocular pressure in ducks and geese

Abstract: Results of this study may be beneficial for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of ducks and geese affected with Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, glaucoma, and uveitis.

Cited by 17 publications

References 18 publications

Tear Production, Intraocular Pressure, Ultrasound Biometric Features and Conjunctival Flora Identification in Clinically Normal Eyes of Two Italian Breeds of Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Tear Production, Intraocular Pressure, Ultrasound Biometric Features and Conjunctival Flora Identification in Clinically Normal Eyes of Two Italian Breeds of Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)

OCULAR FINDINGS AND SELECT OPHTHALMIC DIAGNOSTIC TESTS IN CAPTIVE AMERICAN WHITE PELICANS (PELECANUS ERYTHRORHYNCHOS)

Determination of Reference Values for Tear Production and Intraocular Pressure in Pygoscelid Penguins of the Antarctic Peninsula † ‡

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