mimicking the brain-like functionality are being explored. [2] The development of artificial synapse devices with better synaptic plasticity and high speed is the demand of present technology. Extensive integrated circuits on complementary metal-oxidessemiconductor (CMOS), [3] and two terminal memristors such as phase-change memory (PCM), [4] resistive randomaccess memory (RRAM), [5] and other filament-based memory devices have been attempted for synaptic neural functions, but they lack in symmetricity and linear switching in conductance level; also they consume massive space and energy due to large scale complexity.However, three-terminal electrochemical random-access (ECRAM) may allow for improved multi-level memory storage due to separate read and write paths. Solid-state ECRAM was first demonstrated in 1989 using hydrogen doping of WO 3 , though those failed after 25 cycles and needed high voltage. [6] Recently, ECRAM has been proposed as synaptic devices to build artificial neural networks (ANNs) for neuromorphic computing. [7] An ECRAM, also referred to as "redox transistor or synaptic transistor," consists of a mixed ion-electron conductor channel into which an ion-conducting electrolyte pumps ions under the influence of a gate electrode. [8] The operations of ECRAM are based on modulating the device conductance by ionic doping/de-doping. [6][7]9] In ECRAM, the conventional gate dielectric was substituted by an electrolyte gate, which allows the conduction of various mobile ions, e.g., H + , Li + , and O 2-. The ECRAM synapse has a two-step mechanism: firstly, the synaptic weight update is modulated by the applied gate bias; on the second part, the read is separately operated on a channel at the source-drain terminal. [10] Earlier reported Li + and H + based ECRAM shows recommended synaptic property with high endurance and low energy consumption. [7,11] Li + ion-based ECRAM (Li-ECRAM) has shown very consistent charge-discharge curves and no longer suffers from open circuit potential (OCP) issues. [12] However, Li-ECRAM suffers from a significant shortcoming, such as the devices using nonstandard materials, including lithium transition metal oxides and polymers, all of which cannot be integrated into CMOS circuits for real application. [10b,13] In other respect, proton-based ECRAM (H-ECRAM) devices exhibit a non-zero OCP that is resulting in poor data retention. When the gate is Artificial synapses based on electrochemical random-access memory (ECRAM) have emerged as an important component for neuromorphic chips because they are capable to execute simultaneous signal transmission and memory operations. However, existing ECRAM synapse surfers with compatibility and rapid memory loss issue due to highly reactive Li + and H + cationic species. Here, all-solid-state oxygen ion-based ECRAM (O-ECRAM) synapse, which shows linear weight update characteristics through multi-level nonvolatile analog conductance states is presented. Crucially, an O-ECRAM device delivering the highly stable, nonvolatile multi-leve...