Measurement of the normal feline pituitary gland in brachycephalic and mesocephalic cats

Häußler, Thomas Christian; Pückler, Kerstin H. von; Thiel, C.; Enderlein, Sylke; Failing, Klaus; Ondreka, Nele; Kramer, Martin; Schmidt, Martin J.

doi:10.1177/1098612x17723774

Cited by 11 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Serum IGF-1 concentrations were >1500 ng/ml in cat 1 and 1200 ng/ml in cat 2, with values >1000 ng/ml considered indicative of hypersomatotropism. In cat 3, serum IGF-1 concentration was 947 ng/ml; in this case, MRI confirmed enlargement of the pituitary gland (5.7 mm width × 4.5 mm height [normal in mesocephalic cats: up to 4.7 ± 0.31 mm width and up to 3.1 ± 0.25 mm height according to Häußler et al 2 ]) ( Figure 3 ).…”

Section: Case Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Diabetes mellitus remission in three cats with hypersomatotropism after cabergoline treatment

Miceli

Vidal

Pompili

et al. 2021

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports

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Case summary Three diabetic cats presented with polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia and poor glycemic control. Cat 1 displayed prognathia inferior and had a body condition score (BCS) of 4/5; cat 2 had a BCS of 5/5; and cat 3 had broad facial features. Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations were compatible with hypersomatotropism in cat 1 and cat 2 (>1500 ng/ml and 1200 ng/ml, respectively) and just below the cut-off of 1000 ng/ml (947 ng/ml) in cat 3; in this last cat diagnosis was further supported by the presence of pituitary enlargement on MRI. Oral cabergoline (10 μg/kg q48h) was initiated. Insulin requirements progressively reduced, as evidenced by daily blood glucose monitoring and weekly blood glucose curves. Diabetic remission occurred in all three cats between the second and third months of cabergoline treatment. At the time of writing, remission has persisted thus far (cat 1: 23 months; cat 2: 14 months; cat 3: 38 months). Relevance and novel information To our knowledge, these are the first reported cases of diabetic remission in cats with hypersomatotropism after cabergoline treatment, despite previous reports of this being an ineffective treatment. Further work is indicated to determine why some cats do, and others do not, respond to this treatment.

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Section: Case Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Diabetes mellitus remission in three cats with hypersomatotropism after cabergoline treatment

Miceli

Vidal

Pompili

et al. 2021

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports

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“…The brain area was measured in mm 2 on the same transverse image, and the pituitary height/brain area (P/B) value was calculated. A pituitary height of >4 mm was considered enlarged 26‐29 . Pituitary images were also used to plan the surgery, especially the assessment of the bone landmarks on transverse images (hamular processes and the sphenoid ridge) in relation to the pituitary mass.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A pituitary height of >4 mm was considered enlarged. [26][27][28][29] Pituitary images were also used to plan the surgery, especially the assessment of the bone landmarks on transverse images (hamular processes and the sphenoid ridge) in relation to the pituitary mass. On the midline sagittal view, the air-filled sphenoid sinus, typical for cats, just rostral to the pituitary fossa, was another feature that was used to plan the burr hole.…”

Section: Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of hypophysectomy for treatment of hypersomatotropism in 25 cats

Bokhorst

Galac

Kooistra

et al. 2021

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Successful treatment of cats with hypersomatotropism by transsphenoidal hypophysectomy is described in small numbers of cats. Objectives: To describe the endocrine profile, survival, and remission rates of hypersomatotropism and diabetes mellitus in a cohort of cats with hypersomatotropism that underwent hypophysectomy between 2008 and 2020. Animals: Twenty-five client-owned cats with spontaneous hypersomatotropism. Methods: Retrospective study. Diagnosis of hypersomatotropism was based on clinical signs, plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentration, and imaging of the pituitary gland. Growth hormone (GH) and IGF-1 concentrations were measured repeatedly after surgery. Survival times were calculated based on follow-up information from owners and referring veterinarians. Results: Median postoperative hospital stay was 7 days (range, 3-18 days). One cat died within 4 weeks of surgery. Median plasma GH concentration decreased significantly from 51.0 ng/mL (range, 5.0-101.0 ng/mL) before surgery to 3.8 ng/mL (range, 0.6-13.0 ng/mL) at 5 hours after surgery. Remission of hypersomatotropism, defined as normalization of plasma IGF-1 concentration, occurred in 23/24 cats (median, 34 ng/mL; range, 14-240 ng/mL) and 22/24 cats entered diabetic remission. Median survival time was 1347 days (95% confidence interval, 900-1794 days; range, 11-3180 days) and the overall 1-, 2-, and 3-year all-cause survival rates were 76%, 76%, and 52%, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: This study shows the beneficial outcome of hypophysectomy in cats with hypersomatotropism, marked by low death rate and a high percentage of diabetic remission and definitive cure.

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“…The following data were compiled for cats with pituitary adenoma: age, breed, sex, and body weight at biopsy or autopsy; maximal pituitary dimension as determined from MR images, 11 pathology reports, or histologic sections; clinical signs of hypersomatotropism/acromegaly, hypercortisolism, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, or other endocrine disease; case outcome and postdiagnosis or postsurgical survival time. Criteria for a diagnosis of hypersomatotropism were elevated serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 concentration after insulin treatment for at least 2 weeks and documentation of pituitary enlargement.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline Pituitary Adenomas: Correlation of Histologic and Immunohistochemical Characteristics With Clinical Findings and Case Outcome

Miller

Piotrowski

Donovan³

et al. 2020

Vet Pathol

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Pituitary glands from 141 feline autopsy cases were reviewed histologically. Adenoma and hyperplasia were the most common lesions at 13 cases each. Pituitary adenoma was more likely than hyperplasia to be associated with clinical evidence of endocrinopathy or an intracranial mass ( P < .001). A histochemical and immunohistochemical panel was applied to 44 autopsy- or hypophysectomy-derived pituitary adenomas in 43 cats from 2 diagnostic laboratories. Adenomas were differentiated from hyperplasia by the presence of disrupted reticulin fibers. One cat had a double (somatotroph and melanotroph) adenoma. Twenty somatotroph adenomas consisted of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-negative acidophils that expressed growth hormone; 16/20 had hypersomatotropism; 17/20 had diabetes mellitus. Eleven melanotroph adenomas consisted of PAS-positive basophils or chromophobes that expressed melanocyte-stimulating and adrenocorticotrophic hormones; 5/11 had hypercortisolism; 6/11 had diabetes mellitus. Eleven gonadotroph adenomas consisted of PAS-negative chromophobes that expressed follicle-stimulating and/or luteinizing hormones. Two thyrotroph adenomas consisted of PAS-negative basophils or chromophobes that expressed thyroid-stimulating hormone. Pituitary-dependent disease was not recognized in cats with gonadotroph or thyrotroph adenomas. The Ki-67 proliferation index in hypophysectomy specimens was lower in somatotroph than in melanotroph adenomas. Fourteen cats with hypophysectomy-treated somatotroph or melanotroph adenoma had an 899-day median survival time versus 173 days in 17 nonsurgical cases. After adjusting for age, adenoma size and type, hypophysectomized cats had an overall better survival time than nonsurgical cases ( P = .029). The study results underscore the value of hypophysectomy and trophic hormone immunohistochemistry in the treatment and classification of feline pituitary adenomas.

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Measurement of the normal feline pituitary gland in brachycephalic and mesocephalic cats

Cited by 11 publications

References 37 publications

Diabetes mellitus remission in three cats with hypersomatotropism after cabergoline treatment

Diabetes mellitus remission in three cats with hypersomatotropism after cabergoline treatment

Evaluation of hypophysectomy for treatment of hypersomatotropism in 25 cats

Feline Pituitary Adenomas: Correlation of Histologic and Immunohistochemical Characteristics With Clinical Findings and Case Outcome

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