Measurement of velocity in high-temperature liquid metals

Mikrovas, Anthony C.; Argyropoulos, Stavros A.

doi:10.1007/bf02660992

Cited by 19 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Moreover, the thermal conductivity at high temperatures tends to be obtained as an apparent value, which includes other contributions such as radiation and convection. 12) These steady-state methods therefore have limitations in the application to liquid phases at high temperatures.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Conductivity of Molten Slags: A Review of Measurement Techniques and Discussion Based on Microstructural Analysis

Kang¹,

Morita²

2014

ISIJ Int.

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In order to properly interpret the thermal conductivity of molten silicate slags, several different measurement methods are briefly reviewed, along with a discussion as to their respective advantages and limitations. In addition, a large number of thermal conductivity values measured by these methods are assessed, in order to evaluate their dependence on composition and temperature. The behavior of the thermal conductivity of molten silicate slags was found to show good agreement with well-focused analyses into its microstructure. Moreover, with an improved understanding of the microstructure of silicate slags, there is an apparent co-relation between thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity, viscosity, and so forth.KEY WORDS: thermal conductivity; molten slag; silicate; hot-wire method; laser flash method.

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Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Conductivity of Molten Slags: A Review of Measurement Techniques and Discussion Based on Microstructural Analysis

Kang¹,

Morita²

2014

ISIJ Int.

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“…In the earlier study, it was reported that for a given composition the effective thermal conductivity was a strong function of superheat and that at high temperatures the dominant heat-transfer mechanism is radiation conduction. [18] In a recent study, where the finger was water cooled and instrumented with several thermocouples, it was reported that the interfacial thermal resistance accounted for~78 pct of the total thermal resistance and amounted tõ 1.9 9 10 À3 m 2 K/W. [19] In experiments where the finger included oscillation, the estimated interfacial thermal resistance reached slightly higher values, up tõ 2.25 9 10 À3 m 2 K/W.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For studying heat transfer, different methods were devised and, according to their experimental principles, were classified into three categories: (1) sandwiching a mold slag layer between hot and cold solid walls, [7,[14][15][16][17] (2) dipping a cold finger into molten slag [8,9,18,19] or into a bath of molten slag and steel, [20,21] and (3) exposing a mold slag layer to infrared radiation. [22][23][24][25] In the sandwiching methods, measures are taken to establish linear temperature gradients through the measuring system, which consists of hot body, mold flux film, and cold body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[7,[15][16][17] Cold finger dipping methods deal with freezing a slag shell over a cold body that is immersed into a molten bath and with recording of temperatures, at certain locations, as a function of time. [8,9,[18][19][20][21] The temperature data obtained are converted to heat flux values by solving a one- [9,18,19] or two-dimensional [20] inverse heat conduction problem. In the earlier study, it was reported that for a given composition the effective thermal conductivity was a strong function of superheat and that at high temperatures the dominant heat-transfer mechanism is radiation conduction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study of Shell-Mold Thermal Resistance: Laboratory Measurements, Estimation from Compact Strip Production Plant Data, and Observation of Simulated Flux-Mold Interface

Flores

2016

Metall Mater Trans B

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The slag film that forms between the shell and mold in steel continuous casting is key in regulating the heat transfer between them. Generally, the mechanisms proposed are related to the phenomena associated with the formation of crystals in the solid layer of the film, such as the appearance of internal pores and surface roughness, which decrease phononic conduction through the layer and interfacial gap with the mold, respectively, and the emergence of crystals themselves, which reduce the transmissivity of infrared radiation across the layer. Due to the importance of the solid layer, this study investigates experimentally the effective thermal resistance, R T , between a hot Inconel surface and a cold Cu surface separated by an initially glassy slag disk, made from powders for casting low and medium-carbon steels, denoted as A and B, respectively. In the tests, an initially mirror-polished disk is sandwiched for 10,800 seconds while the Inconel temperature, away from the disk face, is maintained steady at a value, T c , between 973 K and 1423 K (700°C and 1150°C)-below the liquidus temperature of the slags. The disks have a thickness, d t , between~0.7 and 3.2 mm. Over the range of conditions studied, mold slag B shows R T 33 pct larger than slag A, and microscopic observation of disks hints that the greater resistance arises from the larger porosity developed in B. This finding is supported by high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscope observations of the evolution of the surface of slag parallelepipeds encased between Pt sheets, which reveal that during devitrification the film surface moves outward not inward, contrary with what is widely claimed. This behavior would favor contact of the slag with the mold for both kinds of powders. However, in the case of slag A, the crystalline grains growing at or near the surface pack closely together, leaving only few and small empty spaces. In slag B, crystalline grains pack loosely and many and large empty spaces arise in and below the surface. Estimation from plant data shows R T values smaller than measured ones, suggesting that the process film slag thickness must be considerably thinner than those of laboratory disks. However, the difference in thermal resistance of both powders, averaged over the mold length, is close to the dissimilarity found in laboratory.

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“…Much effort has been devoted to developing velocimeters for measuring molten metal flows. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] As a result, many types of velocimeters such as a hot film anemometer, 6) a Vives probe, 6) an ultrasonic Doppler velocimeter, 6) a melting probe, 4) a reaction probe, 5) and a Karman vortex prove [1][2][3] have been developed and widely used in a variety of engineering fields. Unfortunately, the former three velocimeters are not applicable to molten steel flow velocity measurements because the candidate materials for these velocimeters are not available around 1600°C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%