Measurements of nonmethane hydrocarbons in 28 United States cities

Baker, A. K.; Beyersdorf, A. J.; Doezema, Lambert A.; Katzenstein, Aaron S.; Meinardi, Simone; Simpson, Isobel J.; Blake, Donald R.; Rowland, F. S.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.007

Cited by 220 publications

(223 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The mixing ratios of NMHCs observed at TF are lower than those reported for major US cities (Baker et al, 2008), including Pittsburgh, PA (Millet et al, 2005), Dallas, TX (Qin et al, 2007), and Houston, TX (Gilman et al, 2009). The winter mean and median mixing ratios of ethyne, C 2 -C 4 alkanes, n-pentane, and n-hexane at TF were comparable to background (monthly 10th percentile) mixing ratios observed at Harvard Forest (HF) in Massachusetts during 1992-2001 (Goldstein et al, 1995;Lee et al, 2006).…”

Section: Record Of Nonmethane Hydrocarbons and Halocarbonsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Multi-year (2004–2008) record of nonmethane hydrocarbons and halocarbons in New England: seasonal variations and regional sources

et al. 2010

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Abstract. Multi-year time series records of C 2 -C 6 alkanes, C 2 -C 4 alkenes, ethyne, isoprene, C 6 -C 8 aromatics, trichloroethene (C 2 HCl 3 ), and tetrachloroethene (C 2 Cl 4 ) from canister samples collected during January 2004-February 2008 at the University of New Hampshire (UNH) AIRMAP Observatory at Thompson Farm (TF) in Durham, NH are presented. The objectives of this work are to identify the sources of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and halocarbons observed at TF, characterize the seasonal and interannual variability in ambient mixing ratios and sources, and estimate regional emission rates of NMHCs. Analysis of correlations and comparisons with emission ratios indicated that a ubiquitous and persistent mix of emissions from several anthropogenic sources is observed throughout the entire year. The highest C 2 -C 8 anthropogenic NMHC mixing ratios were observed in mid to late winter. Following the springtime minimums, the C 3 -C 6 alkanes, C 7 -C 8 aromatics, and C 2 HCl 3 increased in early to mid summer, presumably reflecting enhanced evaporative emissions. Mixing ratios of C 2 Cl 4 and C 2 HCl 3 decreased by 0.7±0.2 and 0.3±0.05 pptv/year, respectively, which is indicative of reduced usage and emissions of these halogenated solvents. Emission rates of C 3 -C 8 NMHCs were estimated to be 10 9 to 10 10 molecules cm −2 s −1 in winter 2006. The emission rates extrapolated to the state of New Hampshire and New England were ∼2-60 Mg/day and ∼12-430 Mg/day, respectively. Emission rates of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, Correspondence to: R. S. Russo (rrusso@gust.sr.unh.edu) xylenes, and ethyne in the 2002 and 2005 EPA National Emissions Inventories were within ±50% of the TF emission rates.

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Section: Record Of Nonmethane Hydrocarbons and Halocarbonsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Multi-year (2004–2008) record of nonmethane hydrocarbons and halocarbons in New England: seasonal variations and regional sources

et al. 2010

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“…If the correlation between species is high, then an emission ratio can be determined, which can yield further insight into the fuel type used and combustion efficiency, and serve as useful input for developing emission inventories. The first and third columns of Table 3 show the (Baker et al, 2008). Large differences are evident for some species between the MCMA data and the averaged US city data.…”

Section: Characterization Of Vocs At T1 and T0mentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Large differences are evident for some species between the MCMA data and the averaged US city data. It should be noted that ratios of NMHCs to CO can vary substantially from city to city Baker et al, 2008), particularly for light alkanes. However, in no US city do ratios approach the MCMA ratios for propane, i-butane, and n-butane.…”

Section: Characterization Of Vocs At T1 and T0mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical evolution of volatile organic compounds in the outflow of the Mexico City Metropolitan area

et al. 2010

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Abstract. The volatile organic compound (VOC) distribution in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) and its evolution as it is uplifted and transported out of the MCMA basin was studied during the 2006 MILAGRO/MIRAGEMex field campaign. The results show that in the morning hours in the city center, the VOC distribution is dominated by non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) but with a substantial contribution from oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), predominantly from primary emissions. Alkanes account for a large part of the NMHC distribution in terms of mixing ratios. In terms of reactivity, NMHCs also dominate overall, especially in the morning hours. However, in the afternoon, as the boundary layer lifts and air is mixed and aged within the basin, the distribution changes as secondary products are formed. The WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry) model and MOZART (Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers) were able to approximate the observed MCMA daytime patterns and abCorrespondence to: E. C. Apel (apel@ucar.edu) solute values of the VOC OH reactivity. The MOZART model is also in agreement with observations showing that NMHCs dominate the reactivity distribution except in the afternoon hours. The WRF-Chem and MOZART models showed higher reactivity than the experimental data during the nighttime cycle, perhaps indicating problems with the modeled nighttime boundary layer height.A northeast transport event was studied in which air originating in the MCMA was intercepted aloft with the Department of Energy (DOE) G1 on 18 March and downwind with the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) C130 one day later on 19 March. A number of identical species measured aboard each aircraft gave insight into the chemical evolution of the plume as it aged and was transported as far as 1000 km downwind; ozone was shown to be photochemically produced in the plume. The WRF-Chem and MOZART models were used to examine the spatial extent and temporal evolution of the plume and to help interpret the observed OH reactivity. The model results generally showed good agreement with experimental results for the total VOC OH reactivity downwind and gave insight into the distributions of VOC chemical classes. A box model with Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 2354 E. C. Apel et al.: Chemical evolution of volatile organic compounds detailed gas phase chemistry (NCAR Master Mechanism), initialized with concentrations observed at one of the ground sites in the MCMA, was used to examine the expected evolution of specific VOCs over a 1-2 day period. The models clearly supported the experimental evidence for NMHC oxidation leading to the formation of OVOCs downwind, which then become the primary fuel for ozone production far away from the MCMA.

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“…3, benzene levels at the four background sites were much higher than the surface benzene levels reported at rural or remote sites in USA, Canada and European countries (114-300 pptv). Moreover, the mean annual benzene levels at the four background sites (578-1297 pptv) were alarmingly higher even compared to that of 60-480 pptv monitored in 28 cities in the United States (Baker et al, 2008). Fig.…”

Section: Background Benzene Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient air benzene at background sites in China's most developed coastal regions: Exposure levels, source implications and health risks

Zhang

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2015

Science of The Total Environment

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Measurements of nonmethane hydrocarbons in 28 United States cities

Cited by 220 publications

References 31 publications

Multi-year (2004–2008) record of nonmethane hydrocarbons and halocarbons in New England: seasonal variations and regional sources

Multi-year (2004–2008) record of nonmethane hydrocarbons and halocarbons in New England: seasonal variations and regional sources

Chemical evolution of volatile organic compounds in the outflow of the Mexico City Metropolitan area

Ambient air benzene at background sites in China's most developed coastal regions: Exposure levels, source implications and health risks

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