Measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particles from the metropolitan area of São Paulo City, Brazil

Vasconcellos, Pérola de Castro; Zacarias, Davi; Pires, Maria Aparecida Faustino; Pool, Cristina Salvador; Carvalho, Lilian Rothschild Franco de

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(03)00181-x

Cited by 104 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…3 Mixing ratios of volatile hydrocarbons emitted from vehicles inside tunnels of several cities have been reported worldwide. 2,[4][5][6][7] In some urban centers of Brazil, there have been reports on tunnel measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in airborne particles, [8][9][10] gaseous aldehydes, [11][12][13] gaseous carboxylic acids 14 and VOCs. 15 In order to evaluate chemical composition of emissions from vehicles fueled with gasoline blends with ethanol, neat ethanol and diesel, measurements of several VOCs were done in two different urban road tunnels located in São Paulo City, Brazil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Volatile organic compounds inside urban tunnels of São Paulo City, Brazil

Vasconcellos

Carvalho

Pool

2005

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Compostos orgânicos voláteis, tais como hidrocarbonetos oxigenados, hidrocarbonetos alifáticos e aromáticos foram medidos no ar interno de dois túneis urbanos da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Nesses túneis são freqüentes os congestionamentos de tráfico com números expressivos de veículos com controle de emissão inadequada. São Paulo, uma cidade altamente poluída, apresenta uma frota atípica de veículos com uma variedade grande de misturas de combustíveis, incluindo os oxigenados. Nesse trabalho, foram feitas medidas no ar interno e externo do túnel para avaliar os níveis dos poluentes emitidos diretamente por veículos e aqueles formados fotoquimicamente na atmosfera. No túnel (A), onde circulam apenas veículos leves movidos principalmente por gasool, uma mistura contendo 78-80% (v/v) gasolina e 20-25% etanol, as razões de formaldeído/acetaldeído foram < 1; e no túnel (B), onde circulam veículos leves principalmente movidos a gasool e veículos pesados movidos a diesel, essas razões foram aproximadamente igual a 1. Em ambos os túneis, as razões ácido fórmico/ácido acético foram bem mais baixas do que 1. O benzaldeído foi sugerido como sendo um possível traçador de emissões de veículos leves movidos a gasool. Os n-alcanos foram os compostos mais abundantes (níveis semelhantes em ambos os túneis) e, em seguida os compostos carbonílicos (níveis mais altos em B) e os compostos aromáticos (níveis mais altos em A). Foram encontrados níveis semelhantes de ácidos orgânicos, espécies minoritárias, em ambos os túneis. Os resultados desse estudo mostram que poluentes tóxicos estão presentes em níveis significativos nos dois túneis. No túnel (A) foram encontrados razões de mistura de 39,2 e 24,8 ppbv para os agentes carcinogênicos formaldeído e benzeno; no túnel (B) um valor máximo de 34,5 ppbv foi encontrado para o acetaldeído, um provável agente carcinogênico. Estudos futuros devem ser feitos para estimar os níveis de exposição de poluentes tóxicos no ar para ocupantes de veículos, uma vez que essas pessoas passam um tempo significativo dentro de túneis urbanos.Volatile organic compounds, such as oxygenated hydrocarbons, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were measured in ambient air from two distinct urban tunnels in São Paulo City, Brazil, in special, at rush hours. In these tunnels, traffic jams with significant numbers of vehicles with inadequate emission controls are frequent. São Paulo, a highly polluted city, has an unconventional mix of vehicle types in that a variety of gasoline blends, including oxygenated ones are used. Inside and outside tunnel measurements were performed to evaluate pollutant levels originated from direct vehicular emissions and formed by atmospheric photochemistry. Formaldehyde/acetaldehyde ratios of tunnel (A) circulating only light-duty vehicles fueled mainly with gasohol, a mixture containing 78-80% (v/v) gasoline and 20-25% ethanol, were < 1; ratios of tunnel (B) circulating light-duty vehicles fueled mainly with gasohol and heavy diesel vehicles, were approximately equal to 1. Formic acid...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Organics such as PAHs, which are mostly associated with airborne particles, are not discussed here but they are presented in our recent article in which characteristics PAH profiles from vehicular emissions of the fuels used in São Paulo are presented. 10 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volatile organic compounds inside urban tunnels of São Paulo City, Brazil

Vasconcellos

Carvalho

Pool

2005

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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“…Estudos sobre HPA tratam principalmente desses compostos no sedimento e na atmosfera, devido às maiores concentrações encontradas nesses compartimentos (Vasconcellos et al, 2003;Park et al, 2001;Boonyatumanond et al, 2006;Yim et al, 2005). Entretanto, pouco tem sido feito com relação à determinação e estudo de HPA presentes em águas oceânicas onde se encontram mais biodisponíveis para a fauna e flora aquáticas.…”

Section: Estudo De Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos Nos Estuárunclassified

“…Os HPA estão amplamente distribuídos no meio ambiente e são produzidos principalmente pela utilização humana de produtos derivados do petróleo e a combustão incompleta da matéria orgânica (Vasconcellos et al, 2003;Kim et al, 2008) sendo transportados para o meio ambiente por diversas rotas (Chen et al, 2007 ;Netto et al (2000); Zacarias (2006);Fronza (2006).…”

Section: Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticosunclassified

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Estudo de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos nos estuários de Santos e São Vicente/SP utilizando diatomito como material adsorvente

Polakiewicz¹

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Ultrasonic Solvent Extraction of Persistent Organic Pollutants from Airborne Particles

Aydın¹,

Özcan

Tor

2007

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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Ultrasonic solvent extraction of persistent organic pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from airborne particles is reported. The extraction was optimized as functions of type and amount of solvent, sonication time, and number of extraction steps. Determination of PAHs and PCBs carried out by GC/MSD, while OCPs were determined using GC/l-ECD. The optimum extraction procedure was determined as three times consecutive extraction using a 25 mL mixture of n-hexane:petroleum ether (1/1, v/v) for 15 min of sonication. Recoveries were obtained between 91 l 2 and 96 l 1% with Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) f l 4% for PCBs, for PAHs recoveries (except for naphthalene, a 31%) were between 66 l 6 and 90 l 4% with RSD f l 8% while OCPs compounds recoveries were between 67 l 5 and 120 l 7% with RSD f l 7%. When comparing the Soxhlet extraction method with optimized ultrasonic solvent extraction method, extraction time and solvent volume were reduced considerably with the ultrasonic solvent extraction method without reducing extraction efficiency. In addition, a simultaneous analysis of PCBs, PAHs, and OCPs in one sampling by the optimized method is quite advantageous in terms of analysis time and cost.

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Measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particles from the metropolitan area of São Paulo City, Brazil

Cited by 104 publications

References 17 publications

Volatile organic compounds inside urban tunnels of São Paulo City, Brazil

Volatile organic compounds inside urban tunnels of São Paulo City, Brazil

Estudo de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos nos estuários de Santos e São Vicente/SP utilizando diatomito como material adsorvente

Ultrasonic Solvent Extraction of Persistent Organic Pollutants from Airborne Particles

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