Measurements of vapor capture-and-release behavior of PDMS-based canine training aids for explosive odorants

MacCrehan, William A.; Young, Mimy; Schantz, Michele M.

doi:10.1016/j.forc.2018.09.002

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Several tools have been used as odor adsorbents and transmitters, and as training aids for canine detection training [ 39 ]. Recently, more canine training aids were studied, such as odor capture-and-release materials for explosive odorants and ovarian cancer cell lines for ovarian cancer detection [ 40 , 41 ]. The gypsy moth ( Porthetria dispar L.) sex attractant pheromone disparlure has been applied to different objects for training, and dogs’ capacity to retrieve disparlure-treated sticks was higher than for treated rubber balls or tin cans [ 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilizing Odor-Adsorbed Filter Papers for Detection Canine Training and Off-Site Fire Ant Indications

Chi

Chen

Lin

et al. 2021

Animals

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The red imported fire ant (RIFA, Solenopsis invicta) is an exotic aggressive pest that is notorious for its ability to seriously harm humans and animals, cause economic loss to agriculture, and damage ecosystems. This is the first study to validate the capability of filter paper adsorption as a feasible odor bearer of RIFAs and evaluate its use in detection dog training. Two live RIFA-experienced detection dogs achieved a mean 92% positive indication rate (PIR) on RIFA-scented papers with a relatively low false response rate (0.8%). The similar accuracies in recognizing live RIFAs (96%) and scented papers (92%) suggest that a filter paper is an effective odor reservoir. After training with live RIFA and scented filter papers, both RIFA-experienced and inexperienced detection dogs successfully indicated filter papers that were scented with at least 10 RIFAs for 4 h with a high PIR (>93%) and low false response rate (2%). Detection dogs correctly recognized the filter papers scented by 10 RIFAs for 24 h with a 97.6% PIR. Even for scented samples stored at −20 °C and 4 °C for 13 weeks, the positive indication rates (PIRs) were as high as 90%. These results suggest that filter paper is an effective RIFA odor bearer, and the scent can be maintained at least 13 weeks for dog identification. After RIFA-scented paper training, detection dogs showed high (>95%) PIRs for both RIFA-scented paper and live RIFAs and also successfully performed field studies. Using filter paper as a RIFA odor bearer is an effective and economical method for detection dog training and RIFA identification.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilizing Odor-Adsorbed Filter Papers for Detection Canine Training and Off-Site Fire Ant Indications

Chi

Chen

Lin

et al. 2021

Animals

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“…The POCR training aids were prepared for use in biological detection using a method similar to those previously described for explosives odor capture ( 22 , 26 ) with biological target-specific modifications for sterilization, patent pending ( 27 ). Odor profiles were “charged” onto the polymer material in a biosafety hood using standard laboratory clean technique.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Method for Training the Interdiction of Restricted and Hazardous Biological Materials by Detection Dogs

et al. 2022

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The interdiction of restricted and hazardous biological agents presents challenges for any detection method due to the inherent complexity of sample type and accessibility. Detection capabilities for this category of agents are limited and restricted in their mobility, adaptability and efficiency. The potential for identifying biological agents through a volatile organic compound (VOC) signature presents an opportunity to use detection dogs in a real-time mobile capacity for surveillance and screening strategies. However, the safe handling and access to the materials needed for training detection dogs on restricted or hazardous biological agents prevents its broader application in this field. This study evaluated the use of a polymer-based training aid in a viral detection model using bovine viral diarrhea virus mimicking biosafety level 3+ agent conditions. After the biological agent-based odor was absorbed into the polymer, the aid was rendered safe for handling through a rigorous sterilization process. The viral culture-based training aid was then used to train a cohort of detection dogs (n = 6) to discriminate agent-based target odor in culture from relevant distractor odors including non-target biological agent-based odors. Following culture-based training, dogs were tested for generalization to aids with infected animal sample-based odors across five sample types (fecal, blood, nasal, saliva, and urine). Within the context of the polymer-based training aid system, dogs were successfully trained to detect and discriminate a representative biological viral agent-based odor from distractor odors with a 97.22% (±2.78) sensitivity and 97.11% (±1.94) specificity. Generalization from the agent-based odor to sample-based odors ranged from 65.40% (±8.98) to 91.90 % (±6.15) sensitivity and 88.61% (±1.46) to 96.00% (±0.89) specificity across the sample types. The restrictive nature for mimicking the access and handling of a BSL 3+ agent presented challenges that required a strict study design uncommon to standard detection dog training and odor presentation. This study demonstrates the need to further evaluate the utility and challenges of training detection dogs to alert to biological samples using safe and manageable training aids.

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“…While there are currently no polymer-based absorption training aids on the market, one has been evaluated in numerous studies. Designed at the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST), a polydimeythlsiloxane (PDMS)-based training aid has been shown through chemical evaluations to accurately simulate odor profiles for 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, cyclohexane, DNT, and TATP (78,79). Published studies have not yet evaluated the aid in canine trials.…”

Section: Ad/bsorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Types of Training Aids Used for Canine Detection Training

Simon¹,

Lazarowski

Singletary

et al. 2020

Front. Vet. Sci.

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The canine detection community is a diverse one, ranging from scientific fields such as behavior, genetics, veterinary medicine, chemistry, and biology to applications in law enforcement, military, medicine, and agricultural/environmental detection. This diversity has allowed for a flourishing and innovative community, yet it has also led to little acceptance and agreement on terminology. This is especially true when discussing the variety of training aids used in olfactory-based exercises. In general, authentic materials and pseudo-scents are the most commonly discussed, with the former accepted widely for training and certification, and the latter more often disregarded. However, as advances are made in the creation of training materials, alternative training aids are being introduced that do not fit into either of these categories. The misconceptions surrounding how these alternative training aids are manufactured has led to confusion on their classification, and therefore their reliance as an effective tool. This manuscript will review the existing language surrounding canine training aids, address relevant research revealing effectiveness, and clarify the different types based on their manufacture, chemical nature, and fundamental function.

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Measurements of vapor capture-and-release behavior of PDMS-based canine training aids for explosive odorants

Cited by 21 publications

References 28 publications

Utilizing Odor-Adsorbed Filter Papers for Detection Canine Training and Off-Site Fire Ant Indications

Utilizing Odor-Adsorbed Filter Papers for Detection Canine Training and Off-Site Fire Ant Indications

A Novel Method for Training the Interdiction of Restricted and Hazardous Biological Materials by Detection Dogs

A Review of the Types of Training Aids Used for Canine Detection Training

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