Measuring and localizing acoustic emission events in snow prior to fracture

Reiweger, Ingrid; Mayer, Klemens; Steiner, Karl; Dual, Jürg; Schweizer, Jürg

doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.12.002

Cited by 34 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Hence, AE and MS appear to be an efficient way to monitor the progression of damage with a wide range of possible applications at different scales (Michlmayr et al, 2012), such as studies in mines detecting MS emissions in rock (Obert, 1977) or AE in laboratory rock fracture experiments (Lockner, 1993). Sensing and interpreting MS activity is one of the most promising approaches to monitoring failure development continuously in time over an entire slope or rock mass (Amitrano et al, 2005(Amitrano et al, , 2010Dixon et al, 2003;Got et al, 2010;Lévy et al, 2010;Spillmann et al, 2007), in a hanging glacier (Faillettaz et al, 2008(Faillettaz et al, , 2011 or in a steep snowpack (Reiweger et al, 2015;Van Herwijnen & Schweizer, 2011). The AE approach has been applied to landslide deformation characterization using a waveguide (Dixon et al, 2003Smith et al, 2017;Zoppè et al, 2015), to frozen rock in lab studies (e.g., Duca et al, 2014;Hallet et al, 1991;Mamot et al, 2018;Murton et al, 2016) and most recently at locale scales to mountain permafrost (e.g., Amitrano et al, 2012;Girard et al, 2013;Weber et al, 2012).…”

Section: Acoustic Emissions and Microseismic Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acoustic and Microseismic Characterization in Steep Bedrock Permafrost on Matterhorn (CH)

et al. 2018

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Understanding of processes and factors influencing slope stability is essential for assessing the stability of potentially hazardous slopes. Passive monitoring of acoustic emissions and microseismology provides subsurface information on fracturing (timing and identification of the mechanism) and therefore complement surface displacement data. This study investigates for the first time acoustic and microseismic signals generated in steep, fractured bedrock permafrost, covering the broad frequency range of 1 − 105 Hz. The analysis of artificial forcing experiments using a rebound hammer in a controlled setting led to two major findings: First, statistically insignificant cross correlation between signals indicates that waveforms change strongly with propagation distance. Second, a significant amplification is found in the frequency band 33–67 Hz. This finding is strongly supported by evidence from artificial rockfall events and more importantly by naturally occurring fracture events identified in fracture displacement data. Thus, filtering this frequency band enables enhanced detection of microseismic events relevant for slope stability assessment. The analysis of 2‐year time series in this frequency band further suggests that the detected energy rate baseline of all automatically triggered events using the STA/LTA algorithm is not sensitive to temperature forcing, an observation of primary importance for long‐term data collection, analysis, and interpretation. The event detection in the established frequency band is not only improved but also not affected by the short‐ and long‐term temperature changes in such a rapidly changing environment.

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Section: Acoustic Emissions and Microseismic Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acoustic and Microseismic Characterization in Steep Bedrock Permafrost on Matterhorn (CH)

et al. 2018

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“…Snow slab avalanches are released as the result of crack formation and propagation in a buried weak snowpack layer. Laboratory fracture experiments with snow samples containing a weak snow layer confirmed that acoustic signals originate from within the weak layer (Reiweger et al, 2015). The failure of a weak snow layer resembles a progressive transition into a critical state (Johansen and Sornette, 2000) that is manifested by typical power-law statistics.…”

Section: Detection Of Precursorsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Monitoring and prediction in early warning systems for rapid mass movements

Stähli

Sättele²,

Huggel

et al. 2015

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

124

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Abstract. Rapid mass movements (RMM) pose a substantial risk to people and infrastructure. Reliable and cost-efficient measures have to be taken to reduce this risk. One of these measures includes establishing and advancing the state of practice in the application of early warning systems (EWSs). EWSs have been developed during the past decades and are rapidly increasing. In this paper, we focus on the technical part of EWSs, i.e., the prediction and timely recognition of imminent hazards, as well as on monitoring slopes at risk and released mass movements. Recent innovations in assessing spatial precipitation, monitoring and precursors of the triggering and deformation of RMM offer new opportunities for next-generation EWSs. However, technical advancement can only be transferred into more reliable, operational EWSs with an adequate well-instructed dedicated staff. To this end, an intense dialog between scientists, engineers and those in charge of warning, as well as further experience with new comprehensive prototype systems jointly operated by scientists and practitioners, will be essential.

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“…Six acoustic sensors located in the snow sample were recording concurrently the acoustic activity prior to the catastrophic failure, enabling thus the codetection method to be tested. We show here results for loading experiment on sample TRA 5 as such small sample experienced a clear catastrophic failure with a clear drop in b exponent prior to failure [ Reiweger et al , ].…”

Section: Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental data of recorded acoustic emission (AE) activity during a force‐controlled loading of layered snow sample [ Reiweger et al , ]. (a) Global recorded acoustic emission (AE) counts from the six channels (experiment “TRA 5”); each event has been represented as a colored dot, and inset shows the separated trace of each channel for the same data.…”

Section: Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The monitoring of such acoustic/microseismic activity offers valuable information concerning the progression of damage and imminence of global failure [Michlmayr et al, 2012]. Acoustic emission methods are advancing rapidly and are expected to provide new insights into the imminence of instabilities, and in some cases it has been applied to natural gravity-driven instabilities such as cliff collapse [Amitrano et al, 2005], slope instabilities [Dixon et al, 2003;Kolesnikov et al, 2003;Dixon and Spriggs, 2007], or failure in snowpack [Van Herwijnen and Schweizer, 2011;Reiweger et al, 2015].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Codetection of acoustic emissions during failure of heterogeneous media: New perspectives for natural hazard early warning

Faillettaz

Reiweger³

2016

Geophysical Research Letters

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A simple method for real‐time early warning of gravity‐driven rupture that considers both the heterogeneity of natural media and characteristics of acoustic emissions attenuation is proposed. The method capitalizes on codetection of elastic waves emanating from microcracks by multiple and spatially separated sensors. Event codetection is considered as surrogate for large event size with more frequent codetected events marking imminence of catastrophic failure. Using a spatially explicit fiber bundle numerical model with spatially correlated mechanical strength and two load redistribution rules, we constructed a range of mechanical failure scenarios and associated failure events (mapped into acoustic emission) in space and time. Analysis considering hypothetical arrays of sensors and consideration of signal attenuation demonstrate the potential of the codetection principles even for insensitive sensors to provide early warning for imminent global failure.

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Measuring and localizing acoustic emission events in snow prior to fracture

Cited by 34 publications

References 36 publications

Acoustic and Microseismic Characterization in Steep Bedrock Permafrost on Matterhorn (CH)

Acoustic and Microseismic Characterization in Steep Bedrock Permafrost on Matterhorn (CH)

Monitoring and prediction in early warning systems for rapid mass movements

Codetection of acoustic emissions during failure of heterogeneous media: New perspectives for natural hazard early warning

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