Measuring automatic retrieval: a comparison of implicit memory, process dissociation, and speeded response procedures

Horton, Keith D.; Wilson, Diane; Vonk, Jennifer; Kirby, Sarah L.; Nielsen, Tina Bach

doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2005.01.004

Cited by 17 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…We have also demonstrated that variables yielding no effect on automatic estimates when the PDP is used (e.g., Jacoby et al, 1993;Toth et al, 1994) do show effects on automatic estimates with our procedure (Horton et al, 2001;Horton et al, 2005). Of particular interest was the finding that the subjects given an implicit stem completion task showed priming equivalent to that of the subjects in our speeded response group, suggesting that implicit stem completion may normally yield a relatively pure test of automatic retrieval.…”

Section: Speeded Response Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…We have described an alternative procedure for isolating automatic retrieval processes (Horton et al, 2001;Horton, Wilson, Vonk, Kirby, & Nielsen, 2005;Wilson & Horton, 2002). The basis for this approach was the assumption that automatic retrieval is generally much faster than conscious retrieval (Richardson-Klavehn, Gardiner, & Java, 1996;Toth, 1996), at least in a typical episodic memory experiment.…”

Section: Speeded Response Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Automatic retrieval in directed forgetting

Vonk

Horton

2006

Memory & Cognition

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Section: Speeded Response Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Speeded Response Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic retrieval in directed forgetting

Vonk

Horton

2006

Memory & Cognition

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“…Responses to generated items were reliably faster than responses to read items, which did not have any associates present in the study episode to potentially retrieve. The work of Horton et al (2001;Horton et al, 2005) strongly suggests that retrieving specific information from an earlier incidental study episode should be slower than simply producing the first associate that comes to mind.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, the responses living or nonliving were never produced in response to a semantically processed word. Moreover, one might expect association responses to be slower, relative to unstudied words, if explicit retrieval were used in responding (see Horton et al, 2001;Horton et al, 2005). In fact, semantically processed words were associated to more quickly than were unstudied or nonsemantically processed words, indicating that the test was truly implicit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If activation above baseline speeds access to that word in semantic memory, response time (RT) can be a useful dependent measure of conceptual priming, as it frequently is in measuring perceptual priming (e.g., MacDonald & MacLeod, 1998;MacLeod & Masson, 2000). Horton and colleagues (Horton, Wilson, & Evans, 2001;Horton, Wilson, Vonk, Kirby, & Nielsen, 2005) have recently used RT data to demonstrate that explicit retrieval was not used in their tests of conceptual implicit memory. Other researchers (e.g., Light et al, 2000;Zeelenberg, 2005) have also demonstrated that RT is a valuable measure of conceptual implicit memory.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Capturing conceptual implicit memory: The time it takes to produce an association

Hourihan

MacLeod

2007

Memory & Cognition

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Conceptual implicit memory is demonstrated when, in the absence of explicit retrieval, performance on a task requiring conceptual processing benefits more from prior conceptual encoding than from prior nonconceptual encoding. In the present study, we sought to provide an improved measure of conceptual implicit memory by minimizing contamination from explicit retrieval. On a modified word association test, participants freeassociated to the actually studied items, with response time to produce any associate serving as the dependent measure. Experiment 1 varied whether words were read or generated at study and showed that generated words were associated to more quickly than were read words. Experiment 2 varied level of processing at study and showed that words processed semantically were associated to more quickly than were words processed nonsemantically. With modifications to ensure its implicit nature, a conceptual implicit test can be consistently affected by the same encoding manipulations as those that affect conceptual explicit memory tests.

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Not all identification tasks are born equal: testing the involvement of production processes in perceptual identification and lexical decision

Spataro

Saraulli

Mulligan

et al. 2017

Psychological Research

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The distinction between identification and production processes suggests that implicit memory should require more attention resources when there is a competition between alternative solutions during the test phase. The present two experiments assessed this hypothesis by examining the effects of divided attention (DA) at encoding on the high- and low-response-competition versions of perceptual identification (Experiment 1) and lexical decision (Experiment 2). In both experiments, words presented in the high-response-competition condition had many orthographic neighbours and at least one higher-frequency neighbour, whereas words presented in the low-response-competition condition had few orthographic neighbours and no higher-frequency neighbour. Consistent with the predictions of the identification/production distinction, Experiment 1 showed that DA reduced repetition priming in the high-, but not in the low-response-competition version of perceptual identification; in contrast, DA had comparable effects in the two versions of lexical decision (Experiments 2). These findings provide the first experimental evidence in support of the hypothesis that perceptual identification, a task nominally based on identification processes, might involve a substantive production component.

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Measuring automatic retrieval: a comparison of implicit memory, process dissociation, and speeded response procedures

Cited by 17 publications

References 69 publications

Automatic retrieval in directed forgetting

Automatic retrieval in directed forgetting

Capturing conceptual implicit memory: The time it takes to produce an association

Not all identification tasks are born equal: testing the involvement of production processes in perceptual identification and lexical decision

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