Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the Empathy Quotient

Lawrence, Emma; Shaw, Philip; Baker, Dawn; Baron‐Cohen, Simon; David, Anthony S.

doi:10.1017/s0033291703001624

Cited by 815 publications

(734 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…For heterosexual males, mean scores and variance were almost identical to previous samples for both direct aggression (Buss & Perry, 1992;Bailey & Hurd, 2005) and empathy (Baron-Cohen et al, 2003;Lawrence et al, 2004) (see Table I). Social exclusion scores for heterosexual males were virtually identical to those of Forrest et al (in press), whereas malicious humour and guilt induction scores were approximately half a standard deviation lower in the current Internet based sample.…”

Section: 3) Comparison Of Online and Offline Samplessupporting

confidence: 75%

“…This 60-item scale was developed to assess empathy, defined as the ability to identify mental states and respond with an appropriate emotional reaction (Baron-Cohen et al, 2003). While many previous empathy measures have been developed, they have frequently tapped into emotional arousability, self-confidence, sensitivity or non-conformity rather than empathy per se (Lawrence, Shaw, Baker, Baron-Cohen, & David, 2004). The EQ is both a reliable and valid measure of empathy (Lawrence et al, 2004).…”

Section: The Indirect Aggression Scale -Aggressor Version (Ias-a) Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While many previous empathy measures have been developed, they have frequently tapped into emotional arousability, self-confidence, sensitivity or non-conformity rather than empathy per se (Lawrence, Shaw, Baker, Baron-Cohen, & David, 2004). The EQ is both a reliable and valid measure of empathy (Lawrence et al, 2004). It is composed of 60 items, 40…”

Section: The Indirect Aggression Scale -Aggressor Version (Ias-a) Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Aggression, empathy and sexual orientation in males

Sergeant

Dickins

Davies

et al. 2006

Personality and Individual Differences

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Section: 3) Comparison Of Online and Offline Samplessupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: The Indirect Aggression Scale -Aggressor Version (Ias-a) Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Indirect Aggression Scale -Aggressor Version (Ias-a) Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Aggression, empathy and sexual orientation in males

Sergeant

Dickins

Davies

et al. 2006

Personality and Individual Differences

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“…tasks requiring analysis of social situations (e.g. Carroll & Yung, 2006;Lawrence et al, 2004;Wakabayashi et al, 2007) Face Stimuli…”

Section: The Empathy Quotientmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To ensure recognition was not influenced by the ability to interpret facial expressions or specific mental states, this task consisted of newly-learned expressionless faces. Empathic processing was measured using the Empathy Quotient (EQ: Baron-Cohen & Wheelwright, 2004), a self-report questionnaire thought to be a particularly reliable indicator of empathy (Lawrence et al, 2004). We predicted that individuals who had higher levels of empathy would show superior face recognition ability.…”

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confidence: 99%

Socio-emotional functioning and face recognition ability in the normal population

Bate

Parris

Haslam

et al. 2010

Personality and Individual Differences

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Recent research indicates face recognition ability varies within the normal population. To date, two factors have been identified that influence this cognitive process: the age and gender of the perceiver. In this paper, we examine the influence of socio-emotional functioning on face recognition ability. We invited participants with high and low levels of empathy (as indicated by the Empathy Quotient) to take part in a face recognition test. Participants were asked to study a set of faces, and at test viewed the studied faces intermixed with novel faces. As predicted, high empaths achieved higher scores in the face recognition test compared to low empaths. This pattern of findings provides further evidence that face recognition ability varies within the normal population, and suggests socio-emotional functioning may be an additional factor that influences face recognition ability.

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Attentional bias toward negative and positive pictorial stimuli and its relationship with distorted cognitions, empathy, and moral reasoning among men with intellectual disabilities who have committed crimes

Sadek

Daniel

Langdon

2020

Aggressive Behavior

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The aims of this study were to examine: (a) whether men with intellectual disabilities who have a history of criminal offending attend to affective pictorial stimuli in a biased manner, and (b) whether there is a relationship between an affective attentional bias and offense‐supportive cognitions, empathy, and moral reasoning. Forty‐six men with intellectual disabilities who had a documented history of criminal offending, and 51 men who also had intellectual disabilities, but no such history, were recruited and asked to complete a computer‐based dot‐probe task using affective pictorial stimuli with randomization, along with measures of distorted cognitions, empathy, and moral reasoning. Those with a history of criminal offending endorsed significantly more offense‐supportive cognitions, had significantly lower general empathy, and more “mature” moral reasoning, as well as a significant attentional bias toward affective pictorial stimuli. Attentional bias significantly predicted offense‐supportive cognitions, and vice versa, having controlled for offense history, and Full‐Scale IQ, but this was not the case for empathy or moral reasoning. While the findings require replication, interventions that aim to modify attention bias with this population should be tested.

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Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the Empathy Quotient

Cited by 815 publications

References 23 publications

Aggression, empathy and sexual orientation in males

Aggression, empathy and sexual orientation in males

Socio-emotional functioning and face recognition ability in the normal population

Attentional bias toward negative and positive pictorial stimuli and its relationship with distorted cognitions, empathy, and moral reasoning among men with intellectual disabilities who have committed crimes

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