Measuring employment in global value chains

Horvát, Peter; Webb, Colin; Yamano, Norihiko

doi:10.1787/00f7d7db-en

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…From the perspective of GVCs, a country's exports may require labor inputs at different value chain stages both at home and abroad (Lin et al, 2018); therefore, the gross embodied employment may include domestic and foreign employment. Domestic employment driven by foreign final demand reflects the extent to which a country's workforce depends on its integration into the global economy (Horvát et al, 2020). Figure 2B presents domestic employment driven by foreign final demand, which accounted for approximately 84%-87% of the gross embodied employment during the study period.…”

Section: Preliminary Results On Embodied Carbon Emissions and Employmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comprehensive assessment of the environmental and employment impacts of international trade from the perspective of global value chains

Bai

Zhang

Ning

2023

Front. Environ. Sci.

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A comprehensive assessment of the environmental and employment impacts of international trade is essential for coordinating sustainable development between the economy, environment, and society. International trade is an important driving force for global economic growth. However, the environmental and social impacts of trade under global value chains (GVCs) have not yet been comprehensively characterized. This study aims to estimate the impacts of international trade from 2000–2014 on carbon emissions and employment using the gross export decomposition method, incorporating a counterfactual method based on the multi-region input–output model. We found that (1) at the global level, international trade has been conducive to carbon emission reductions since 2003 and played a role in increasing employment throughout the study period; however, the impacts of GVC-related trade have been mixed, generating global emissions savings, but leading to job losses. This implies that there is a trade-off between carbon emission reduction through GVC embedding and employment creation. (2) At the national level, a country’s participation in international trade benefits the environment, employment, or both. In this sense, international trade is no longer a zero-sum game; rather, it is likely to be a positive-sum game for all participants regarding environmental benefits and job creation. (3) In bilateral trade, developed and developing economies have positive and negative impacts, meaning that they should take joint actions to balance environment–employment–trade growth. These findings are useful for determining the responsibilities of different countries toward climate change and achieving sustainable development of the economy, society, and environment.

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Section: Preliminary Results On Embodied Carbon Emissions and Employmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lin et al (2018) analyzed the amount of employment created by GVC trade between the US and China. Horvát et al (2020) analyzed the impact of GVCs on labor markets based on trade in employment indicators. Ma et al (2019) and Szymczak and Wolszczak-Derlacz (2021) examined the impact of GVC participation on employment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive assessment of the environmental and employment impacts of international trade from the perspective of global value chains

Bai

Zhang

Ning

2023

Front. Environ. Sci.

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“…The inputoutput methodology for the calculation of the employment variables related to foreign trade is detailed below. The complete methodology can be consulted at (Horvát et al, 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Reduction of the Gender Gap Through Global Value Chains: Political Commitment or Perpetuation of Gender Roles?

Campos-Romero,

Blanco-Varela

2023

REM

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The relationship between international trade and the gender gap is complex. On one hand, foreign insertion can generate economic opportunities for women in the export sector. On the other hand, it can also result in heightened competition and the relocation of jobs, especially in the context of global value chains (GVCs). The study on the gender gap through GVCs examines the mechanisms within production networks that contribute to enhance women's economic empowerment and gender equality. The paper analyzes the relationship between the gender gap, GVCs, technological intensity of exports, and female empowerment in the EU-27, investigating whether GVCs could reduce or worsen gender disparities. The aim of this paper is to expand the gender gap studies incorporating the effects of trade in value added in the European Union. The study used a panel of data from various sources, including Eurostat, Trade in Employment (TiM), and the World Bank. The results suggest that an increase in exports, regardless of the level of technological intensity, tends to exacerbate the gender gap in export sectors by increasing the proportion of male workers relative to female workers. However, a higher female participation rate in medium-low technology sectors could reduce the gender gap in export sectors. The study identified obstacles to female insertion in export markets, including the need to improve education and training for women in high-demand areas, promote STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) education and labor participation for women. This paper makes significant contributions to the literature by incorporating global value GVCs and considering the European context. Additionally, it provides an in-depth analysis of socioeconomic factors that are crucial for designing policies aimed at addressing gender inequality.

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“…Currently, the estimates are available for all OECD countries, 36 industrial sectors and for the years 2008 to 2015. They are an extension of the OECD Trade in Employment (TiM) database (see Horvát et al, 2020) and will be updated, using the 2020 edition of ICIO tables, and published online in 2021. The ICIO-based methodology used is similar to that used to generate the indicators in OECD's Trade in Value Added (TiVA) database (see http://oe.cd/tiva).…”

Section: But Women Still Work Less In Export-dependent Jobs Than Menmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trade and gender

Korinek¹,

Moïsé²,

Tange³

2021

OECD Trade Policy Papers

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Closing gender gaps makes good economic sense. Advancing the aim of women's economic empowerment will require policy action across a wide range of areas, including increasing their participation in international trade. Although trade policies are not de jure discriminatory, they impact women and men differently due to dissimilar initial conditions. Mapping the channels and interactions between trade and gender for women as workers, consumers, and business owners shows that: (i) trade impacts women workers differently to men in part because they are employed in different sectorsin OECD countries, more often in services; (ii) trade lowers prices for consumers, which particularly increases the purchasing power of more vulnerable groups, where women are disproportionately represented; and (iii) higher trade costs impede smaller businesses' access to international markets more than large firms, which impacts women who tend to own and lead smaller businesses. A framework is proposed for analysing the impacts of trade and trade policies on women that policy makers can use in order to ensure that trade and trade policies in their country support women's economic empowerment.

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Measuring employment in global value chains

Cited by 6 publications

References 5 publications

Comprehensive assessment of the environmental and employment impacts of international trade from the perspective of global value chains

Comprehensive assessment of the environmental and employment impacts of international trade from the perspective of global value chains

The Reduction of the Gender Gap Through Global Value Chains: Political Commitment or Perpetuation of Gender Roles?

Trade and gender

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