Measuring Self-management Among People with Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review of Patient-Reported Diabetes-Specific Instruments in English and Chinese

Jiang, Tian; Li, Aihua; Zhang, Minlu; Zhou, Zhou; Wang, Lu; Zhang, Xiaoqian; Zhang, Yi; Zhang, Qiu

doi:10.1007/s12325-022-02361-5

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…Since injections under the skin have been linked to pain, discomfort, and anxiety, pens for administering insulin, with shorter needles, have been chosen as an alternative to vials and syringes, because they can cause less pain and reduce skin harm. Alternatively to the insulin pen, patients can adopt insulin pumps, small electronic instruments that are connected to a cannula and a small plastic catheter, placed under the skin of the abdomen and replaced periodically, and administer insulin continuously [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Number of Needle Tip Bevels on the Exerted Forces and Energy in Insulin Pen Injections

Ponsiglione,

Ricciardi,

Bonora

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Patients affected with type 1 diabetes and a non-negligible number of patients with type 2 diabetes are insulin dependent. Both the injection technique and the choice of the most suitable needle are fundamental for allowing them to have a good injection experience. The needles may differ in several parameters, from the length and diameter, up to the forces required to perform the injection and to some geometrical parameters of the needle tip (e.g., number of facets or bevels). The aim of the research is to investigate whether an increased number of bevels could decrease forces and energy involved in the insertion–extraction cycle, thus potentially allowing patients to experience lower pain. Two needle variants, namely, 31 G × 5 mm and 32 G × 4 mm, are considered, and experimental tests are carried out to compare 3-bevels with 5-bevels needles for both the variants. The analysis of the forces and energy for both variants show that the needles with 5 bevels require a statistically significant lower drag or sliding force (p-value = 0.040 for the 31 G × 5 mm needle and p-value < 0.001 for 32 G × 4 mm), extraction force (p-value < 0.001 for both variants), and energy (p-value < 0.001 for both variants) during the insertion–extraction cycle. As a result, 3-bevels needles do not have the same functionality of 5-bevels needles, show lower capacity of drag and extraction, and can potentially be related to more painful injection experience for patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%